1,369 research outputs found
Comparative Study of Heat Transfer from Nb-Ti and NbSn coils to He II
In superconducting magnets, the energy deposited or generated in the coil must be evacuated to prevent temperature rise and consequent transition of the superconductor to the resistive state. The main barrier to heat extraction is represented by the electric insulation wrapped around superconducting cables. In the LHC, insulation improvement is a key point in the development of interaction region magnets and injector chain fast-pulsed magnets for luminosity upgrade; the high heat load of these magnets, in fact, is not compatible with the use of current insulation schemes. We review the standard insulation schemes for Nb-Ti and NbSn technology from the thermal point of view. We implement, in an analytical model, the strongly nonlinear thermal resistances of the different coil components including the permeability to superfluid helium of Nb-Ti insulations, measured during the LHC main dipole development. We use such a model to compare Nb-Ti and NbSn technologies by taking into account their specific operating margin in different working conditions. Finally, we propose an insulation scheme to enhance the heat transfer capability of Nb-Ti coils
Cable Insulation Scheme to Improve Heat Transfer to Superfluid Helium in Nb-Ti Accelerator Magnets
In superconducting magnets operating at high heat loads as the ones for interaction region of particle colliders or for fast cycling synchrotrons, the limited heat transfer capability of state-of-the-art electrical insulation may constitute a heavy limitation to performance. In the LHC main magnets, Nb-Ti epoxy-free insulation, composed of polyimide tapes, has proved to be permeable to superfluid helium, however the heat flux is rather limited. After a review of the standard insulation scheme for Nb-Ti and of the associated heat transfer mechanisms, we show the existence of a large margin available to improve insulation permeability.We propose a possible way to profit of such a margin in order to increase significantly the maximum heat flux drainable from an all polyimide insulated Nb-Ti coil, as it is used in modern accelerator magnets
Genetics of inflammatory bowel disease from multifactorial to monogenic forms
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic multifactorial disorders. According to a recent study, the number of IBD association loci is increased to 201, of which 37 and 27 loci contribute specifically to the development of Crohn\u2019s disease and ulcerative colitis respectively. Some IBD associated genes are involved in innate immunity, in the autophagy and in the inflammatory response such as NOD2, ATG16L1 and IL23R, while other are implicated in immune mediated disease (STAT3) and in susceptibility to mycobacterium infection (IL12B). In case of early onset of IBD (VEO-IBD) within the 6th year of age, the disease may be caused by mutations in genes responsible for severe monogenic disorders such as the primary immunodeficiency diseases. In this review we discuss how these monogenic disorders through different immune mechanisms can similarly be responsible of VEO-IBD phenotype. Moreover we would highlight how the identification of pathogenic genes by Next Generation Sequencing technologies can allow to obtain a rapid diagnosis and to apply specific therapies
Entanglement as a source of black hole entropy
We review aspects of black hole thermodynamics, and show how entanglement of
a quantum field between the inside and outside of a horizon can account for the
area-proportionality of black hole entropy, provided the field is in its ground
state. We show that the result continues to hold for Coherent States and
Squeezed States, while for Excited States, the entropy scales as a power of
area less than unity. We also identify location of the degrees of freedom which
give rise to the above entropy.Comment: 12 pages, latex, 5 figures. Invited talk by SD at `Recent
Developments in Gravity' (NEB XII), Nafplion, Greece, 30 June 2006. To appear
in Journal of Physics: Conference Series; V2: References added, Minor changes
to match published versio
On Unitarity Based Relations Between Various Lepton Family Violating Processes
Simple "unitarity inspired" relations between two- and three-body lepton
flavor violating decays are noted and discussed. In the absence of
cancellations, the existing strong bounds on and severly constrain two-body lepton flavor violating decays.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure
Reality, measurement and locality in Quantum Field Theory
It is currently believed that the local causality of Quantum Field Theory
(QFT) is destroyed by the measurement process. This belief is also based on the
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox and on the so-called Bell's theorem, that
are thought to prove the existence of a mysterious, instantaneous action
between distant measurements. However, I have shown recently that the EPR
argument is removed, in an interpretation-independent way, by taking into
account the fact that the Standard Model of Particle Physics prevents the
production of entangled states with a definite number of particles. This result
is used here to argue in favor of a statistical interpretation of QFT and to
show that it allows for a full reconciliation with locality and causality.
Within such an interpretation, as Ballentine and Jarret pointed out long ago,
Bell's theorem does not demonstrate any nonlocality.Comment: 15 pages. Published versio
Control of the Dipole Cold Mass Geometry at CERN to Optimize LHC Performance
The detailed shape of the 15 m long superconducting LHC dipole cold mass is of high importance as it determines three key parameters: the beam aperture, nominally of the order of 10 beam standard deviations; the connectivity of the beam- and technical lines between magnets; the transverse position of non-linear correctors mounted on the dipole ends. An offset of the latter produces unwanted beam dynamics perturbations. The tolerances are in the order of mm over the length of the magnet. The natural flexibility of the dipole and its mechanical structure allow deformations during handling and transportation which exceed the tolerances. This paper presents the observed deformations of the geometry during handling and various operations at CERN, deformations which are interpreted thanks to a simple mechanical model. These observations have led to a strategy of dipole geometry control at CERN, based on adjustment of the position of its central support (the dipole is supported at three positions, horizontally and vertically) to recover individually or statistically their original shape as manufactured. The implementation of this strategy is discussed, with the goal of finding a compromise between conflicting requirements: quality of the dipole geometry, available resources for corrective actions and magnet installation strategy whereby the geometry tolerances depend on the final magnet position in the machine
Transition from ultrapotassic kamafugitic to sub-alkaline magmas: Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope, trace element and 40Ar-39Ar age data from the Middle Latin Valley volcanic field, Roman Magmatic Province, Central Italy
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