LSD and creativity:Increased novelty and symbolic thinking, decreased utility and convergent thinking

Background: Controversy surrounds psychedelics and their potential to boost creativity. To date, psychedelic studies lack a uniform conceptualization of creativity and methodologically rigorous designs. Aims: This study aimed at addressing previous issues by examining the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on creativity using multimodal tasks and multidimensional approaches. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 24 healthy volunteers received 50 mu g of LSD or inactive placebo. Near drug peak, a creativity task battery was applied, including pattern meaning task (PMT), alternate uses task (AUT), picture concept task (PCT), creative metaphors task (MET) and figural creativity task (FIG). Creativity was assessed by scoring creativity criteria (novelty, utility, surprise), calculating divergent thinking (fluency, originality, flexibility, elaboration) and convergent thinking, computing semantic distances (semantic spread, semantic steps) and searching for data-driven special features. Results: LSD, compared to placebo, changed several creativity measurements pointing to three overall LSD-induced phenomena: (1) 'pattern break', reflected by increased novelty, surprise, originality and semantic distances; (2) decreased 'organization', reflected by decreased utility, convergent thinking and, marginally, elaboration; and (3) 'meaning', reflected by increased symbolic thinking and ambiguity in the data-driven results. Conclusion: LSD changed creativity across modalities and measurement approaches. Three phenomena of pattern break, disorganization and meaning seemed to fundamentally influence creative cognition and behaviour pointing to a shift of cognitive resources 'away from normal' and 'towards the new'. LSD-induced symbolic thinking might provide a tool to support treatment efficiency in psychedelic-assisted therapy

LSD and creativity: Increased novelty and symbolic thinking, decreased utility and convergent thinking

Background: Controversy surrounds psychedelics and their potential to boost creativity. To date, psychedelic studies lack a uniform conceptualization of creativity and methodologically rigorous designs. Aims: This study aimed at addressing previous issues by examining the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) on creativity using multimodal tasks and multidimensional approaches. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study, 24 healthy volunteers received 50 mu g of LSD or inactive placebo. Near drug peak, a creativity task battery was applied, including pattern meaning task (PMT), alternate uses task (AUT), picture concept task (PCT), creative metaphors task (MET) and figural creativity task (FIG). Creativity was assessed by scoring creativity criteria (novelty, utility, surprise), calculating divergent thinking (fluency, originality, flexibility, elaboration) and convergent thinking, computing semantic distances (semantic spread, semantic steps) and searching for data-driven special features. Results: LSD, compared to placebo, changed several creativity measurements pointing to three overall LSD-induced phenomena: (1) 'pattern break', reflected by increased novelty, surprise, originality and semantic distances; (2) decreased 'organization', reflected by decreased utility, convergent thinking and, marginally, elaboration; and (3) 'meaning', reflected by increased symbolic thinking and ambiguity in the data-driven results. Conclusion: LSD changed creativity across modalities and measurement approaches. Three phenomena of pattern break, disorganization and meaning seemed to fundamentally influence creative cognition and behaviour pointing to a shift of cognitive resources 'away from normal' and 'towards the new'. LSD-induced symbolic thinking might provide a tool to support treatment efficiency in psychedelic-assisted therapy

Indução de resistência a doenças foliares em tomateiro por indutores biótico (Bacillus subtilis) e abiótico (Acibenzolar-S-Metil) Induction of resistance in tomato by biotic (Bacillus subtilis) and abiotic (Acibenzolar-S-Metil) inducers

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se doenças foliares do tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) podem ser afetadas pela indução de resistência proporcionada pela aplicação de Bacillus subtilis, no solo e nas folhas e aplicação via foliar de acibenzolar-S-metil. A fim de investigar o modo de ação envolvido no controle foi avaliada a atividade de peroxidases nas folhas do tomateiro tratado com os indutores biótico e abiótico. Para se avaliar a severidade das doenças foliares foi avaliado o número de folhas de tomate com algum sintoma de doença e determinado o percentual de folhas doentes em relação ao total de folhas por planta. O aumento significativo da concentração de peroxidases nas plantas tratadas com os indutores, assim como a ausência de controle das doenças no tratamento com pulverização direta de B. subtilis nas folhas, são evidências que sugerem que o mecanismo de controle das doenças em questão está relacionado à resistência induzida.<br>This study was conduced to investigate whether the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) leaf diseases may be affected by the induction of resistance provided by the application of Bacillus subtilis, soil and leaf and foliar application of Acibenzolar-S-Methyl. In order to investigate the mode of action involved in the control was measured the peroxidases activity in the leaf of tomato treated with inducers biotic and abiotic. To evaluate the severity of foliar diseases has been estimated the number of leaf of tomatoes with symptoms of disease and determinate the percent of disease leaf in the total of leaf per plant. The significant increase in levels of peroxidase activity in plants exposed to treatment with inducers and lack of control of leaf diseases, in direct spray of B. subtilis in the leaves, are evidence that suggest that the mechanism of control diseases in question is related to induction resistance