Kinerja Berahi Aceh yang Mengalami Sinkronisasi Berbasis GnRH di Bawah Stress Panas Lingkungan

Kinerja Berahi Aceh yang Mengalami Sinkronisasi Berbasis GnRH di Bawah Stress Panas Lingkunga

The use of mesenchymal stem cells for cartilage repair and regeneration: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The management of articular cartilage defects presents many clinical challenges due to its avascular, aneural and alymphatic nature. Bone marrow stimulation techniques, such as microfracture, are the most frequently used method in clinical practice however the resulting mixed fibrocartilage tissue which is inferior to native hyaline cartilage. Other methods have shown promise but are far from perfect. There is an unmet need and growing interest in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering to improve the outcome for patients requiring cartilage repair. Many published reviews on cartilage repair only list human clinical trials, underestimating the wealth of basic sciences and animal studies that are precursors to future research. We therefore set out to perform a systematic review of the literature to assess the translation of stem cell therapy to explore what research had been carried out at each of the stages of translation from bench-top (in vitro), animal (pre-clinical) and human studies (clinical) and assemble an evidence-based cascade for the responsible introduction of stem cell therapy for cartilage defects. This review was conducted in accordance to PRISMA guidelines using CINHAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Knowledge databases from 1st January 1900 to 30th June 2015. In total, there were 2880 studies identified of which 252 studies were included for analysis (100 articles for in vitro studies, 111 studies for animal studies; and 31 studies for human studies). There was a huge variance in cell source in pre-clinical studies both of terms of animal used, location of harvest (fat, marrow, blood or synovium) and allogeneicity. The use of scaffolds, growth factors, number of cell passages and number of cells used was hugely heterogeneous. SHORT CONCLUSIONS: This review offers a comprehensive assessment of the evidence behind the translation of basic science to the clinical practice of cartilage repair. It has revealed a lack of connectivity between the in vitro, pre-clinical and human data and a patchwork quilt of synergistic evidence. Drivers for progress in this space are largely driven by patient demand, surgeon inquisition and a regulatory framework that is learning at the same pace as new developments take place

Death Penalty and the Road Ahead: A Case Study of Indonesia

Indonesia has been criticised nationally and internationally for its use of the death penalty. Critics argue the death penalty does not deter crime and there has never been any solid empirical evidence suggesting it can. They say the objective of punishment should be to re-educate and rehabilitate people, giving them the opportunity to reintegrate with society, not to kill them. Globally only a small number of states still execute. Indonesia does give weight to these objections but domestic support for the death penalty still seems overwhelming. Few governments anywhere are willing to abolish the death penalty if they have to pay a high political cost and the government of President Joko Widodo is no exception. Some sort of compromise or alternative has to be found. One solution would be to formulate a policy respecting human rights (especially the right to life) but still allowing executions in exceptional circumstances. The Indonesian government seems to be trying to do this in its new draft Criminal Code. This says that if a death row convict demonstrates rehabilitation, his or her sentence can be reduced to either life or 20 years in prison. If this had been the law earlier this year, it could have saved the two Australians recently executed, Myuran Sukumaran and Andrew Chan. Debate on the Draft of Criminal Code is a perfect opportunity for both proponents and opponents of the death penalty. There is, however, a new momentum towards abolition in Indonesia, and this paper argues that it should be used to the maximum possible extent to prevent more executions, and outlines a strategy for how this might be done

Recrowning Negara Hukum: A New Challenge, A New Era

The elections of 2014 are a critical juncture in Indonesian history. Fifteen years after the end of the authoritarian New Order, and after ten years of democratic rule under Yudhoyono, Indonesians must decide whether to consolidate the democratic reforms introduced after the fall of Soeharto, or dismantle them. This choice has polarised Indonesians and many feel confused by events this year. This paper looks at the increasingly divisive debate over democracy and Reformasi in Indonesia to assess whether his country will move backward or forward after the new administration is sworn in on 20 October. It then focuses on human rights and other key areas of law reform that need attention, as well as the threats they face, to set out an agenda for getting Indonesian Reformasi back on track

Gastroenteritis in Patients Hospitalized at the Pediatric Ward of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital Medan

In 1989, oj2350 patients hospitalized in the paediatric ward of Dr. Pirngadi Hospital, Medan, 829 (35.3%) were gastroenteritis cases, with male more than female. Most of the patients with gastroenteritis were found in the age group of under 1 years (521 cases = 62.8%). The highest prevalence was found in january, February and March. Mild, moderate and severe dehydration were encountered in 2. 7%, 83.1% and 14.2% cases respectively. Eighty for (10.1%) cases had been treated with oralit before admission. Only 49. 1% of those patients with gastroenteritis under two years of age were breastfed. The patients of under five year old were 791 (95. 4%) cases; 259 (32. 7%) cases were malnourished. The overall mortality rate of these patients with gastroenteritis was 5.9% ( 49 cases). The age specific mortality rate was highest in the age group of 6- 12 months. Usually patients died with gastroenteritis had complications or associated diseases

Seasonal Variation in Undiagnosed HIV Infection on the General Medicine and Trauma Services of Two Urban Hospitals

OBJECTIVE: To examine the seroprevalence of undiagnosed HIV and variation by season among patients admitted to the general internal medicine (GIM) and trauma services of two urban hospitals. DESIGN: A cross-sectional blinded HIV-1 seroprevalence survey. SETTING: A 725-bed academic medical center's hospital and an affiliated 324-bed tertiary care hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Residual serological specimens were obtained for unique patients aged 17 to 65 to study services in summer (June 16 to September 4, 2001) and fall to winter (November 1, 2001 to January 8, 2002). METHODS: Hospital files provided data on demographics, service type, and discharge clinical categories (fall–winter group only). HIV ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) tests with confirmatory Western blot were linked to subjects' de-identified files. We excluded 34 subjects with known HIV. Of the remaining unique admissions in summer (n=604) and fall–winter (n=978), 60% and 55% were tested, respectively. Predictors of undiagnosed HIV infection were examined using multivariate analysis. RESULTS: The summer cohort (n=362) had significantly lower unadjusted seroprevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection (1.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.4% to 3.2%) than the fall–winter cohort (n=539; 3.7%; 95% CI, 2.3% to 5.7%; P=.04). Overall, undiagnosed HIV was somewhat less likely in women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.45; 95% CI, 0.19 to 1.07) but more likely in black patients (AOR, 3.46; 95% CI, 0.70 to 17.06). In the fall–winter cohort, undiagnosed HIV was more likely for discharges with the following clinical categories versus those with a cardiac condition: dermatologic/breast (AOR, 14.90; 95% CI, 1.20 to 184.77), renal/urological (AOR, 22.43; 95% CI, 2.12 to 236.75), or infectious (AOR, 31.08; 95% CI, 2.40 to 402.98). CONCLUSIONS: The higher seroprevalence of undiagnosed HIV in the fall–winter admissions to GIM and trauma services supports especially targeting HIV testing in these months

Hepatitis C virus E2 protein involve in insulin resistance through an impairment of Akt/PKB and GSK3β signaling in hepatocytes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may cause liver diseases of various severities ranging from primary acute infection to life-threatening diseases, such as cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma with poor prognosis. According to clinical findings, HCV infection may also lead to some extra-hepatic symptoms, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Since insulin resistance is the major etiology for type 2 DM and numerous evidences showed that HCV infection associated with insulin resistance, the involvement of E2 in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM and underlying mechanisms were investigated in this study.</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p>Reverse transcription and real-time PCR, Western blot assay, Immunoprecipitation, Glucose uptake assay and analysis of cellular glycogen content.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Results showed that E2 influenced on protein levels of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and impaired insulin-induced Ser308 phosphorylation of Akt/PKB and Ser9 phosphorylation of GSK3β in Huh7 cells, leading to an inhibition of glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, respectively, and eventually insulin resistance.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Therefore, HCV E2 protein indeed involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM by inducing insulin resistance.</p