17 research outputs found
Relevance of Stress and Female Sex Hormones for Emotion and Cognition
There are clear sex differences in incidence and onset of stress-related and other psychiatric disorders in humans. Yet, rodent models for psychiatric disorders are predominantly based on male animals. The strongest argument for not using female rodents is their estrous cycle and the fluctuating sex hormones per phase which multiplies the number of animals to be tested. Here, we will discuss studies focused on sex differences in emotionality and cognitive abilities in experimental conditions with and without stress. First, female sex hormones such as estrogens and progesterone affect emotions and cognition, contributing to sex differences in behavior. Second, females respond differently to stress than males which might be related to the phase of the estrous cycle. For example, female rats and mice express less anxiety than males in a novel environment. Proestrus females are less anxious than females in the other estrous phases. Third, males perform in spatial tasks superior to females. However, while stress impairs spatial memory in males, females improve their spatial abilities, depending on the task and kind of stressor. We conclude that the differences in emotion, cognition and responses to stress between males and females over the different phases of the estrous cycle should be used in animal models for stress-related psychiatric disorders
Combining central planning and decentralization to enhance effective risk management outcomes
The âSoftâ Side of Strategic Risk Management: How Top Managersâ Leadership Style Affects Volatility in Performance
Entrepreneurial branding: measuring consumer preferences through choice-based conjoint analysis
Allocation and productivity of time in new ventures of female and male entrepreneurs
Time allocation, Preferences, Productivity, Gender, New ventures, J22, L26, M13,