Obesity, overweight, and underweight among urban Nigerians

Background: Disease burden from communicable and noncommunicable diseases is a significant health challenge facing many developing nations. Among the noncommunicable diseases, is obesity, which has become a global epidemic associated with urbanization.Objective: The aim was to evaluate the prevalence of weight abnormalities, their pattern of distribution and regional differences among apparently healthy urban dwelling Nigerians.Methods: A cross‑sectional community‑based descriptive survey was carried out in five urban cities, each from one geo‑political zone of Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedures were used to select participants using the World Health Organization STEPS instrument. Ethical approval and consents were duly and respectively obtained from the Ethics Committee in the tertiary centers and participants in each of these cities. Analysis was performed using SPSS version 20 (IBM Corp., Amonk, NY; released 2011) with P value set at < 0.05.Results: A total of 5392 participants were recruited; of which, 54.5% and 45.5% were males and females respectively. Mean (standard deviation) age and body mass index (BMI) were 40.6 (14.3) years and 25.3 (5.1) kg/m2. Obesity, overweight, and underweight were found in 17%, 31%, and 5% of participants respectively. Significantly, while underweight declined with increasing age, overweight, and obesity increased to peak in the middle age brackets. Age of ≥ 40 years was found to confer about twice the risk of becoming overweight. The prevalence of obesity and mean BMI were significantly higher both among the females and the participants from southern zones.Conclusion: Obesity and overweight are common in our urban dwellers with accompanying regional differences. Attainment of middle age increases the likelihood of urban dwelling Nigerians to become overweight/obese. There is therefore the need to institute measures that will check development of overweight/obesity early enough, while improving the nutritional status of the few who may still be undernourished.Key words: Nigerians, obesity, urban, weight distributio

Nivel de conocimientos de estudiantes de medicina sobre diagnóstico y manejo del infarto agudo del miocardio

Introduction: acute myocardial infarction is a disease with high morbidity and mortality.Objective: to determine the knowledge level of medical students about the diagnosis and management of acute myocardial infarction.Method: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out between January and February 2022 in medical students from the University of Medical Sciences of Pinar del Río who participated in the provincial update workshop on acute myocardial infarction. Through intentional sampling, a sample of 92 students was selected. To collect the information, a survey was used using Google Forms.Results: the female sex (65,21%), the age group from 21 to 22 years (65,21%) and the fourth-year students (50%) prevailed. Hypertension was the most identified risk factor (97,98%). 97,82% of the students identified precordial pain as the main clinical manifestation. 100% identified the presentation with complications, where sudden death was the most identified (81,52%). 100% point to the electrocardiogram as the main complementary, where ST alterations were the most identified (84,78%). 95,65% of the students indicated constant monitoring of vital parameters and cardiovascular function as the management measure.Conclusions: Medicine students belonging to the clinical area at the University of Medical Sciences of Pinar del Río have an adequate level of knowledge about the diagnosis and management of acute myocardial infarction.Introducción: el infarto agudo del miocardio constituye una enfermedad con elevada morbilidad y mortalidad.Objetivo: determinar el nivel de conocimientos de estudiantes de medicina sobre el diagnóstico y manejo del infarto agudo del miocardioMétodo: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal entre enero y febrero de 2022 en estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río del ciclo clínico que participaron en el Taller provincial de actualización sobre infarto agudo de miocardio. Mediante un muestreo intencional se seleccionó una muestra de 92 estudiantes. Para la recolección de la información se empleó una encuesta mediante Google Forms.Resultados: predominó el sexo femenino (65,21 %), el grupo etario de 21 a 22 años (65,21 %) y los estudiantes de cuarto año (50 %). La hipertensión fue el factor de riesgo más identificado (97,98 %). El 97,82 % de los estudiantes identificó el dolor precordial como principal manifestación clínica. El 100 % identificó la presentación con complicaciones, donde la muerte súbita fue la más identificada (81,52 %). El 100 % señala al electrocardiograma como principal complementario, donde las alteraciones del ST fueron las más identificada (84,78 %). El 95,65 % de los estudiantes indicaron la monitorización constante de los parámetros vitales y función cardiovascular como la medida de manejo.Conclusiones: los estudiantes de Medicina pertenecientes al área clínica en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río poseen un adecuado nivel de conocimientos sobre el diagnóstico y manejo del infarto agudo del miocardio.  

The Relationship Between QT Intervals and Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy in Nigerian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

To study the pattern of QT intervals in Type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) and investigate whether they have correlation with or predict development of Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN). One hundred and eight (108) T2DM patients were compared with 88 normal controls. They all had resting ECG performed and QT intervals manually measured. The T2DM patients had non-invasve assessment of cardiac autonomic function. When more than two of the 6 tests was accepted as presence of CAN.Those with and without CAN were compared statistically and correlation determined. The QT intervals (QTc, QTd, QTcd) were significantly longer in patients than controls. Thirty seven(34.2%) of the patients had CAN. Their age and the QT intervals were not statistically different from those without CAN. The QTc was longer than 440msecs in 30 (27.8%) and QTcd longer than 80msecs in 13 (12.0%) of the study patients. About 46.7% of those whose QTc was longer than 440msecs and 54% whose QTcd were longer than 80msecs had CAN. These did not differ significantly from those without CAN. On regression analysis, none of the QT intervals correlated with or predicted CAN. There was also no correlation between QT intervals and control of blood sugar or duration of disease. The QT intervals were longer in patients than controls. There was no difference in QT intervals of patients with CAN and those without. The QT intervals did not correlate with or predict CAN Keywords: keQt Intervals, Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy, Type 2 Diabetic, NigerianNigerian Medical Practitioner Vol. 53 (4) 2008: pp. 48-5

Hyperglycemic Emergency in Pregnancy- Case Report and Review of Literature

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS) are two of the most serious acutecomplications of diabetes. The occurrence of hyperglycaemic emergency in pregnancy compromises both the fetusand the mother and is associated with excess fetal and maternal mortality. It usually occurs in the later stages ofpregnancy and is also seen in newly presenting type 1 diabetes patients. We present a case of hyperglycaemicemergency in a pregnant woman with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Key words: Diabetes, Emergency, Pregnanc

Reiters syndrome – a case report and review of literature

The occurrence of Reiter's Syndrome is rare and not commonly reported in Nigeria. This paper reports a case of a 35yr old male Nigerian with Reiter's Syndrome, occurring 1-2 weeks after a bout of a dysenteric illness. The patient presented with fever, conjunctivitis, dysentery, urethritis and arthralgia. The joint pains involved the left wrist (which was swollen), the right knee and ankle joints. The patient was managed conservatively. The case is presented with a view to documenting the occurrence of Reiter's Syndrome in an African Nigerian. Key Words: Reiters syndrome; Nigerian African Health Sciences Vol.4(2) 2004: 136-13

The association of triglyceride and glucose index, and triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio with prehypertension and hypertension in normoglycemic subjects: A large cross‐sectional population study

Insulin resistance (IR) plays an important role in the development of hypertension. Triglyceride and glucose index (TyG index), and triglyceride to high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL‐c) as effective IR surrogate indexes have been verified in numerous studies. Therefore, the authors conducted a large cross‐sectional study to explore the association of TyG index and TG/HDL‐c with prehypertension and hypertension in the same normoglycemic subjects from Tianjin, China. A total of 32 124 adults were eligible for this study. According to the level of blood pressure, the enrolled individuals were divided into three groups, which were normotension, prehypertension, and hypertension. In multiple logistic regression analysis, there was associated with prehypertension and hypertension when comparing the highest TyG index to the lowest TyG index and corresponding ORs were 1.795 (1.638, 1.968) and 2.439 (2.205, 2.698), respectively. For TG/HDL‐c, the corresponding ORs were 1.514 (1.382, 1.658) and 1.934 (1.751, 2.137), respectively. Furthermore, when comparing the fourth quartile to the first quartile of TyG index and TG/HDL‐c, respectively, both corresponding ORs of hypertension were higher than prehypertension. Elevated TyG index and TG/HDL‐c levels were associated with prehypertension and hypertension in normoglycemic individuals. Moreover, the TyG index was more significant than TG/HDL‐c in distinguishing hypertension. They have the potential to become cost‐effective monitors in the hierarchical management of prehypertension and hypertension