PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, INVESTIGATIONS, AND MANAGEMENT OF VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT

Background: Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are still one of the most prevalent surgical indications in newborns and children with congenital heart disease. With advances in echocardiography, cardiac catheterization is no longer necessary in the treatment of these individuals. Although perioperative mortality and morbidity for isolated defects are still low, unique scenarios such as surgical care of numerous VSDs and decision-making in patients with pulmonary hypertension remain difficult. This chapter examines both classic and recent evidence that has shaped the management of this condition, as well as the facts underlying developing interventional methods utilized in both the catheterization lab and the operating room. Conclusion: VSD is the most common congenital abnormality at birth. Small flaws should close on their own within the first year of life; however, larger faults can cause serious difficulties. The major interventions for big problems are surgical VSD closure and device closure

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, INVESTIGATIONS, AND TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE

Bicuspid aortic valve is a congenital anomaly of the heart in which the aortic valve has two loops instead of the normal three. It causes valve degeneration and is associated with dilation of the aorta. This exercise discusses the role of inter-professional team in improving the management of patients with bicuspid aortic valves and describes the diagnosis and management of this problem. The purpose of this review article is to describe the epidemiology of bicuspid aortic valve, describe the presentation of patients with bicuspid aortic valve, summarize the use of electrocardiogram and echocardiogram in bicuspid aortic valve evaluation, and explain the importance of collaboration and communication. Interprofessional team to improve care coordination for patients with bicuspid aortic valve

ETIOLOGY, INVESTIGATIONS, AND TREATMENT IN CASES OF CONSTRICTIVE PERICARDITIS

The fibroelastic sac that covers the heart is known as the pericardium. It has an effect on cardiac hemodynamics and serves as a protective barrier. Constrictive pericarditis is a condition in which the pericardium grows granulation tissue, causing a loss of pericardial elasticity and ventricular filling limitation. Although it is usually a chronic condition, subacute, transient, and occult variants have been reported. The pathogenesis, symptoms, and diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis, as well as the role of the interprofessional team in its treatment, are covered in this exercise. This review article aims to describe the pathophysiology of constrictive pericarditis, review a patient's presentation with constrictive pericarditis, summarise constrictive pericarditis options for treatment, and discuss the importance of improving care coordination among interprofessional team members to enhance constrictive pericarditis patient outcomes. The 10-year survival rate for patients who get a pericardiectomy is around 50%. Medical treatment alone results in a short lifespan

PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, INVESTIGATIONS, AND MANAGEMENT OF UNSTABLE ANGINA: A REVIEW

Unstable angina pectoris is a phenomenon that disrupts the early recovery phase of acute myocardial infection, the emergence of new ischemic symptoms, the development of more severe pain, usually at rest, or the formation of intermittent ischemic events. ۔ Acute myocardial infarction is the most serious complication of unstable angina pectoris, which can affect up to 25% of patients within three months of the onset of symptoms. Physically, changes in ECG and hemodynamics usually occur before the onset of pain. The following hemodynamic changes and an increase in oxygen demand in the already ischemic heart respond positively, leading to further instability in unstable angina. Hemodynamic changes may be the result of abnormal stress response or excessive chemotherapeutic discharge. While coronary spasm may play a role in the pathogenesis of unstable angina, other factors such as bleeding in the wall of the atherosclerotic plaque, peripheral embolization, alteration, or platelet aggregation in the coronary artery from nearby soft cholesterol "abscess". Feedback should also be considered. Along with medications such as nitrates, calcium antagonists, and warnings, beta-adrenergic blockers are used to stimulate coronary and peripheral vasodilation and reduce cardiac effort. Treatment with aortic counter-pulsating balloons is recommended for those who have failed to respond to pharmacological treatment. Emergency surgery should be performed voluntarily. The full clinical and pathological compatibility of unstable angina pectoris is still unknown. Future issues will revolve around further investigations into entity procedures, treatment and prevention. The purpose of this review is to explain the pathophysiology of unstable angina, highlight changes in ECG in the assessment of unstable angina, and improve the outcome of patients with unstable angina. Consider the need to strengthen the coordination of care within the team

A REVIEW ON MITRAL REGURGITATION: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, INVESTIGATIONS AND TREATMENT

Background: The retrograde movement of blood from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium (LA) through the mitral valve (MV) causes a systolic murmur heard best at the apex of the heart with radiation to the left axilla. MR is the most common valvular anomaly in the globe, affecting around 2% of the population and increasing in incidence with age. This activity examines the diagnosis and treatment of mitral regurgitation, emphasizing the importance of the healthcare team in assessing and treating patients with this illness. Conclusion: The goal of this review article is to identify the etiology and epidemiology of mitral regurgitation medical conditions and emergencies, review the proper history, physical, and evaluation of mitral regurgitation, outline the treatment and management options for mitral regurgitation, and describe interprofessional team strategies for improving care coordination and communication to advance mitral regurgitation and improve outcomes