Shunt Active Power Filters Based On Diode Clamped Multilevel Inverter and Hysteresis Band Current Controller

This work focused to design and implementing the three phase shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) based in instantaneous reactive power theory which we used to generate the reference current and measure the power and reactive power and power factor and using Hysteresis Band Current Controller to obtain the gating signals for 11-steps diode clamped multilevel inverter (DCMLI). The proposed system represent two inverter Shunt Active filters  is less total  harmonic distortion (THD) and reduced semiconductor  ratings compared with conventional inverter. The current drawn by the non- linear load and improve the source side power factor by compensate the reactive power. Also, the shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF) system response has been tested under steady state and transient conditions for real time current compensation harmonics. A study of its performance through simulation results will be investigated through MATLAB Simulink. Keywords: Shunt Active power filter (SHAPF), diode clamped Multilevel Inverter (DCMLI), Hysteresis band controller

Functional Promoter Polymorphisms Govern Differential Expression of HMG-CoA Reductase Gene in Mouse Models of Essential Hypertension

3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A [HMG-CoA] reductase gene (Hmgcr) is a susceptibility gene for essential hypertension. Sequencing of the Hmgcr locus in genetically hypertensive BPH (blood pressure high), genetically hypotensive BPL (blood pressure low) and genetically normotensive BPN (blood pressure normal) mice yielded a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). BPH/BPL/BPN Hmgcr promoter-luciferase reporter constructs were generated and transfected into liver HepG2, ovarian CHO, kidney HEK-293 and neuronal N2A cells for functional characterization of the promoter SNPs. The BPH-Hmgcr promoter showed significantly less activity than the BPL-Hmgcr promoter under basal as well as nicotine/cholesterol-treated conditions. This finding was consistent with lower endogenous Hmgcr expression in liver and lower plasma cholesterol in BPH mice. Transfection experiments using 5′-promoter deletion constructs (strategically made to assess the functional significance of each promoter SNP) and computational analysis predicted lower binding affinities of transcription factors c-Fos, n-Myc and Max with the BPH-promoter as compared to the BPL-promoter. Corroboratively, the BPH promoter-luciferase reporter construct co-transfected with expression plasmids of these transcription factors displayed less pronounced augmentation of luciferase activity than the BPL construct, particularly at lower amounts of transcription factor plasmids. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays also showed diminished interactions of the BPH promoter with HepG2 nuclear proteins. Taken together, this study provides mechanistic basis for the differential Hmgcr expression in these mouse models of human essential hypertension and have implications for better understanding the role of this gene in regulation of blood pressure