23 research outputs found
The effects of zooprophylaxis and other mosquito control measures against malaria in Nouna, Burkina Faso
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In the absence of large scale, organized vector control programmes, individual protective measures against mosquitoes are essential for reducing the transmission of diseases like malaria. Knowledge of the types and effectiveness of mosquito control methods used by households can aid in the development and promotion of preventive measures.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A matched, population-based case control study was carried out in the semi-urban region of Nouna, Burkina Faso. Surveys and mosquito captures were conducted for each participating household. Data were analysed using conditional logistic regression and Pearson's product-moment correlations.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In Nouna, Burkina Faso, the main types of reported mosquito control measures used included sleeping under bed nets (insecticide-treated and untreated) and burning mosquito coils. Most of the study households kept animals within the compound or house at night. Insecticide house sprays, donkeys, rabbits and pigs were significantly associated with a reduced risk of malaria only in univariate analyses.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Given the conflicting results of the effects of zooprophylaxis from previous studies, other community-based preventive measures, such as bed nets, coils and insecticide house-spraying, may be of more benefit.</p
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Droplet sizing interferometry: a comparison of the visibility and phase/Doppler techniques.
Spatially resolved measurements of droplet size and velocity are desirable to aid in matching fuel injectors to combustor flow fields and to support development of two-phase-flow modeling. Interferometric laser-based techniques have been available since the early 1970s. Successful application to practical sprays, however, has been hampered by numerous difficulties. In this paper, two interferometric techniques (visibility/intensity validation and phase/Doppler) are critically examined in characterizing the spray of an air-assist nozzle with Sauter mean diameter < 35 microm. The two techniques are compared to each other and evaluated against a Malvern diffraction unit. With the use of a rotating grating for frequency shifting, the interferometric techniques compare well with each other and to the diffraction method. Due to its broadened size and velocity ranges, the phase/Doppler technique is more easily applied to the spray than is visibility/intensity validation. The consistency of the interferometric results raises questions with regard to the use of Malvern's most frequently applied distribution model
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Droplet sizing interferometry: a comparison of the visibility and phase/Doppler techniques.
Spatially resolved measurements of droplet size and velocity are desirable to aid in matching fuel injectors to combustor flow fields and to support development of two-phase-flow modeling. Interferometric laser-based techniques have been available since the early 1970s. Successful application to practical sprays, however, has been hampered by numerous difficulties. In this paper, two interferometric techniques (visibility/intensity validation and phase/Doppler) are critically examined in characterizing the spray of an air-assist nozzle with Sauter mean diameter < 35 microm. The two techniques are compared to each other and evaluated against a Malvern diffraction unit. With the use of a rotating grating for frequency shifting, the interferometric techniques compare well with each other and to the diffraction method. Due to its broadened size and velocity ranges, the phase/Doppler technique is more easily applied to the spray than is visibility/intensity validation. The consistency of the interferometric results raises questions with regard to the use of Malvern's most frequently applied distribution model
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Continuous Infrared Analysis Of N2O in combustion products
Nitrous oxide (N2O) levels in the atmosphere are increasing, potentially contributing to the greenhouse effect and depletion of stratospheric ozone. From a limited data base, combustion sources have been identified as a major anthropogenic source of N2O. However, the existing data base (obtained by traditional grab sampling techniques followed by gas chromatographic analysis) is in question due to the discovery of a sampling artifact. A continuous on-line N2O analyzer would enable and facilitate the accurate characterization of combustion sources over a range of operating conditions, and also aid in the development of an appropriate sampling technique. This paper addresses the development of a continuous measurement technique, and the evaluation and initial use of a field prototype continuous N2O analyzer developed at the UCI Combustion Laboratory in cooperation with a major instrument manufacturer. The analyzer is capable of measuring N2O levels down to a few ppm. The analyzer has been evaluated and used to study the N2O emissions from a pulverized coal-fired boiler. The N2O levels found with the analyzer are substantially lower than levels previously attributed to such sources. Initial N2O measurements made with the analyzer suggest that N2O levels are not a substantial fraction of the NOx levels, as previously suggested. © 1989 Air & Waste Management Association
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Continuous Infrared Analysis Of N2O in combustion products
Nitrous oxide (N2O) levels in the atmosphere are increasing, potentially contributing to the greenhouse effect and depletion of stratospheric ozone. From a limited data base, combustion sources have been identified as a major anthropogenic source of N2O. However, the existing data base (obtained by traditional grab sampling techniques followed by gas chromatographic analysis) is in question due to the discovery of a sampling artifact. A continuous on-line N2O analyzer would enable and facilitate the accurate characterization of combustion sources over a range of operating conditions, and also aid in the development of an appropriate sampling technique. This paper addresses the development of a continuous measurement technique, and the evaluation and initial use of a field prototype continuous N2O analyzer developed at the UCI Combustion Laboratory in cooperation with a major instrument manufacturer. The analyzer is capable of measuring N2O levels down to a few ppm. The analyzer has been evaluated and used to study the N2O emissions from a pulverized coal-fired boiler. The N2O levels found with the analyzer are substantially lower than levels previously attributed to such sources. Initial N2O measurements made with the analyzer suggest that N2O levels are not a substantial fraction of the NOx levels, as previously suggested. © 1989 Air & Waste Management Association
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Formation and measurement of N2O in combustion systems
Direct N2O emissions from fossil fuel combustion have previously been reported to be equivalent to 25-40% of the NOx levels. At these levels, fossil fuels have been suggested to be a major anthropogenic source of N2O. Recent tests have shown these measurements to be in error, most of the N2O having been formed by reaction between NOx, SO2, and H2O in the sample containers. Time resolved measurements of gas samples stored in Tedlar bags, supported by chemical kinetic calculations, indicate that the majority of N2O forms over a time period of 6 hours. The conversion of NOx to N2O in the sample containers is shown to depend on the amount of SO2 present. This sampling artifact raises questions about the validity of the existing data base, collected by grab sampling methods. As a result, a continuous infrared analyzer, developed primarily for characterization of N2O emissions from full scale combustion sources, was used to perform on line N2O measurements at several full scale utility combustion systems. A variety of conventional and advanced utility combustion systems (firing pulverized coal, oil, and gas) were tested. The measurements from conventional systems (natural gas, oil, and pulverized coalfired) indicate that the direct N2O emission levels are generally less than 5 ppm and are not related to the NOx levels in the flue gas. However circulating fluidized bed units produced elevated N2O emissions. At one circulating fluidized bed combustor firing a bituminous coal, N2O levels ranged from 84 to 126 ppm as the load was varied from 100% to 55%, respectively. The N2O emissions from the circulating fluidized bed appeared to be inversely related to the bed temperature. However, temperature is not the only parameter affecting N2O emissions from fluidized beds; all three of the units studied operated at similar temperatures during full load operation, but the N2O emissions ranged between 25 and 84 ppm. N2O emissions were also elevated at a full-scale boiler using selective non-catalytic NOx reduction with urea; 11-13% of the reduced NOx was converted to N2O. © 1991 Combustion Institute