Domestic energy supply and demand in southwest Asia and northern Africa—I. Socio-economic outlook and energy utilization

This paper reviews the socio-economic factors and energy utilization levels in developing countries, with particular emphasis on Egypt and Sudan in northern Africa and Bangladesh, Indonesia, Jordan, Pakistan, Syrian A.R. and Yemen A.R. in southwest Asia. The paper begins with a brief description of the countries under review, including basic demographic, social and economic indicators. The close relation between socio-economic development and growth in energy utilization is shown. Energy utilization levels and their sectoral distribution are reviewed, as well as the contribution of traditional fuels to the total energy balance, both in rural and urban regions. Energy balances and commercial energy trade balances are discussed in relation to indigenous resource endowments for both oil importers and exporters of the region.Publisher's Versio

Domestic energy supply and demand in southwest Asia and northern Africa—III. Alternative energies and research priorities

Publisher's Versio

Operation of a multistory solar building under adverse climatic conditions

Architectural, urban, thermal, economic and industrial aspects of a multistory solar building have been investigated when operating under adverse climatic conditions in Turkey. Active, passive and hybrid space heating systems which could be adapted to the building structure have been studied comparatively. The magnitudes of the design elements and the technical-economic results of the selected hybrid system have been determined. A domestic hot water installation has been also describedPublisher's Versio

Solar energy R&D, technology and economics in Turkey

The solar energy potential of Turkey is assessed. Solar energy R&D programs and technology and the present market for flat-plate solar collectors are briefly reviewed. The potential share of solar energy in the total energy budget is estimated.Publisher's Versio

Salt availability in Turkey and its potential use in solar ponds

Natural salt lakes with temperature gradients are briefly reviewed. Previous work on artificial solar ponds for energy production is also examined. The experience gained from more than twenty non-convecting solar ponds encourages their economic utilization in the future. In addition to the technical and physical requirements for solar pond construction, four basic requirements (sunshine, land, water and salt) are pointed out. In Turkey, these are abundantly found. Salt is the most important and expensive element, constituting about 15–20% of the initial investment of a solar pond. Salt can also be regarded as a complementary “fuel” for a solar pond, since it should be continuously replenished during the operation of the system. In this respect, salt resources in the country were studied. It is recommended that a survey over the Salt Lake be carried out to discover possible natural temperature gradients for heat generation.Publisher's Versio

Domestic energy supply and demand in southwest Asia and northern Africa—II. Energy supply and supply prospects

This paper reviews the energy supply and supply prospects in developing countries, with particular emphasis on Egypt and Sudan in northern Africa, and Bangladesh, Indonesia, Jordan, Pakistan, Syrian A.R. and Yemen A.R. in southwest Asia. Existing energy supply patterns are described for both commercial and traditional energy sources. Particular reference is made to the disatrous consequences of increasing fuel wood demand. The potential for energy demand management and efficiency improvements is discussed and several specific measures are suggested. The prospects for energy supply are discussed in the context of several specific isues: the availability and price of commercial fuels, interfuel substitution options, future trends for traditional fuels, implications of the shift from traditional to commercial fuels and implications of the commercialization of traditional fuels.Publisher's Versio