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Not AvailableSystems biology refers to system-wide changes in biological components such as RNA/DNA (genomics), protein (proteomics) and lipids (lipidomics). In this review, we provide comprehensive information about morbillivirus replication. Besides discussing the role of individual viral/host proteins in virus replication, we also discuss how systems-level analyses could improve our understanding of morbillivirus replication, host-pathogen interaction, immune response and disease resistance. Finally, we discuss how viroinformatics is likely to provide important insights for understanding genome-genome, genome-protein and protein-protein interactionsNot Availabl

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Not AvailableEquine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) is a common pathogen of horses that causes upper respiratory tract disease, abortion, neonatal death and neurological disease. The neurological form of disease is called equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy (EHM). During the past decade, the incidence of EHM has been on the rise in Europe, North America, Australia and Asia. Some EHV1 isolates causing EHM exhibit a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the DNA polymerase gene (ORF30) at position 2254 (A2254 to G2254). Further, based on polymorphism in the ORF68, EHV1 isolates have been classified into different groups. The aim of the present study was to estimate the genetic diversity of EHV1 and to determine the prevalence of the neuropathogenic genotype of EHV1 in India. Out of 133 clinical specimens from abortion cases in northern India, 56 were positive for EHV1 infection. Analysis of the A/G SNP by real-time PCR and sequence analysis revealed that 54 of 56 samples (96.43 %) were of the non-neuropathogenic genotype (A2254), while two (3.57 %) had the neuropathogenic marker (G2254). Sequence analysis of the polymorphic region of ORF68 of EHV1 isolates (n = 9) from India indicated that the Delhi/1998, Tohana-2/2013, Hisar-2/2014 and Hisar-15/1990 isolates belonged to group 4, while the Jind/1996, Rajasthan/1998, Delhi-3/2007 and Tohana-5/1996 isolates clustered within group 5. One isolate (Hisar-7/1990) exhibited SNPs at positions C710 and C713, forming a separate group. Here, we report for the first time the detection of neuropathogenic genotypes of EHV1 in India and show that Indian EHV1 isolates cluster within groups 4 and 5.Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePeste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious disease of small ruminants that leads to high morbidity and mortality thereby results in devastating economic consequences to the livestock industry. PPR is currently endemic across most parts of Asia and Africa, the two regions with the highest concentration of poor people in the world. Sheep and goats in particularly contribute significantly towards the upliftment of livelihood of the poor and marginal farmers in these regions. In this context, PPR directly affecting the viability of sheep and goat husbandry has emerged as a major hurdle in the development of these regions. The control of PPR in these regions could significantly contribute to poverty alleviation, therefore, the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) have targeted the control and eradication of PPR by 2030 a priority. In order to achieve this goal, a potent, safe and efficacious live-attenuated PPR vaccine with long-lasting immunity is available for immunoprophylaxis. However, the live-attenuated PPR vaccine is thermolabile and needs maintenance of an effective cold chain to deliver into the field. In addition, the infected animals cannot be differentiated from vaccinated animals. To overcome these limitations, some recombinant vaccines have been developed. This review comprehensively describes about the latest developments in PPR vaccines.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableWe aimed to provide a tissue repair material, which can be synthesized rapidly, using polymers mimicking the natural environment in the extra-cellular matrix and metals/minerals. The components should have the potential to be used in tissue repair and simultaneously, reducing the side-effects of the incorporated molecules. It is challenging to manage the dispersibility of ZnO NPs in common solutions like water. Here, we report a novel method for preparing highly dispersible suspensions of ZnO NPs. In contrast to those synthesized by conventional methods, microwave assisted method allowed synthesis of dispersible ZnO NPs and the incorporation of zinc/Iron oxides NPs within alginate and gum matrix (AG) in a short span of time providing high yield of the product. The nanoformulations were characterized for size, morphology, interaction of various chemicals used during their synthesis by transmissible electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and energy dispersive X ray Spectrum. It was also evaluated for cytotoxicity and their effect on equine fibroblast cells. Microwave-assisted fabrication of zinc/iron oxides nanoparticles provided flowerlike morphology with good dispersibility and high yield in a short span of time. Our results revealed that ZnO NPs were more cytotoxic than AG ZnO NPs and doped AG Fe3O4 doped ZnO NPs at higher concentrations. Further metal nanoparticles capped with alginate/acacia with size range less than 100 nm demonstrated high stability, good biocompatibility, re-epithelization and enhanced mineralization in horse fibroblast cells.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableEquine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) is an economically important viral pathogen of equines and causes respiratory disease, neonatal foal mortality, late-term abortion and sporadic encephalomyelitis aka equine herpes myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in affected horses. The nervous form of EHV1 (EHM) has been recognized as early as 1950s in horse population, however, many aspects of this disease remained poorly understood. In recent years, there has been much progress in our understanding of genetics, epidemiology and pathogenesis of EHM thorough close monitoring of field outbreaks in different parts of the world. Various host, agent and environmental factors have been found to a play a role in the development of EHM, the most significant being the identification of a single nucleotide polymorphism in DNA polymerase gene (A2254 to G2254), which imparts neuropathogenic potential to the virus. EHM affects horses of all ages, including un-weaned foals and produces clinical symptoms that are indistinguishable from other viral encephalitis/ central nervous system (CNS) disorders. EHM treatment includes supportive therapy, and reducing inflammation of CNS. Diagnosis of affected horses and monitoring of in-contact animals is the best measures to prevent EHM outbreaks. This review in brief discusses about progress made in epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment, prevention and control of EHM.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableNine members of the family Herpesviridae infect equines and two of them (EHV1 and EHV4) are the globally significant pathogens causing respiratory disease, abortion and more rarely paralysis. The ability of equid herpesviruses to establish life-long latent infection in lymphoid and neural tissues with periodic reactivation and shedding is central to the maintenance of these viruses in horse populations. Over 50% of horses become latently infected after infection with EHV1 and EHV4. During latency, expression of viral genes is highly restricted with expression of few or no viral proteins. The recent scientific advances have provided insight into the mechanism of equine herpesvirus pathogenesis, including latency. The establishment of latent infection is highly coordinated process regulated by inter-play of viral, host and environmental factors. In this article, we review how molecular, cellular and viral regulatory mechanisms influence the switch between latent and lytic infections.Not Availabl

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Not AvailablePhage therapy has been previously tried for treatment of diarrhoea in calves, pigs and lambs but those trials were conducted without any detailed information of used phages. Here, we report isolation of a broad-spectrum phage which showed bactericidal activity against 47.3 % of calf diarrhoeal isolates of Escherichia coli, in vitro. The isolated phage resembled the characteristics of Myoviridae family and showed ~97 % similarity with earlier reported bacteriophages of sub family-Tevenvirinae, genus-T4-like virus, based on nucleotide sequence of major head protein-gp23 gene. The phage exhibits the potential to be used as drug substitute tool against E. coli causing diarrhoea in cattle in farm environments.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableZinc oxide nanoparticles are important nanomaterials currently under research due to their applicability in nanomedicine. Toxicity of ZnO NPs has been extensively studied and has been shown to affect various cell types and animal systems. In this study, we investigated hemolytic potential and oxidative stress inflicted by ZnO NPs and ZnO NPs-loaded-sodium alginate-gum acacia hydrogels on horse erythrocytes and African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells. Our study provides a better understanding of the hemolytic and oxidative effects of interaction of ZnO NPs and ZnO NPs released from polymeric hydrogels with the biological system. Remarkable aggregation of erythrocytes was noted in the higher concentration of ZnO NPs treated erythrocytes as compared to erythrocytes treated with ZnO NPs-loaded hydrogels. ZnO NPs-loaded hydrogels treated Vero cells significantly reduced oxidative stress as evidenced by less malondialdehyde production as compared to that of ZnO NPs treated cells. Normal horse erythrocytes when treated with ZnO NPs in in vitro condition undergo oxidative damage, and contribute in augmenting the toxicity. We demonstrated that polymeric ZnO NPs reduced the undesirable effects provoked by ZnO NPs on mammalian cells.Not Availabl

Evaluation of efficacy of stabilizers on the thermostability of live attenuated thermo-adapted Peste des petits ruminants vaccines.

In this study, thermo - adapted (Ta) PPR vaccines were assessed for their stability at 25, 37, 40, 42 and 45°C in lyophilized form using two extrinsic stabilizers [lactalbumin hydrolysate - sucrose (LS) and stabilizer E] and in reconstituted form with the diluents (1 mol/L MgSO(4) or 0.85% NaCl). The lyophilized vaccines showed an expiry period of 24 - 26 days at 25°C, 7 - 8 days at 37°C and 3 - 4 days at 40°C. LS stabilizer was superior at 42°C with a shelf - life of 44 h, whereas in stabilizer E, a 40 h shelf - life with a comparable half - life was observed. At 45°C, the half - life in stabilizer E was better than LS and lasted for 1 day. Furthermore, the reconstituted vaccine maintained the titre for 48 h both at 4°C and 25°C and for 24 - 30 h at 37°C. As both the stabilizers performed equally well with regard to shelf - life and half - life, the present study suggests LS as stabilizer as a choice for lyophilization with 0.85% NaCl diluent, because it has better performance at higher temperature. These Ta vaccines can be used as alternatives to existing vaccines for the control of the disease in tropical countries as they are effective in avoiding vaccination failure due to the breakdown in cold - chain maintenance, as this vaccine is considerably more stable at ambient temperatures