93 research outputs found
Provision of trauma teams in Scotland: a national survey
<b>Background and Aims:</b> Trauma is still the leading cause of mortality in the first four decades of life. Despite multiple reports on how trauma care could be improved in the UK, treatment has been shown to be inconsistent and of poor quality. Trauma teams have been shown to have a positive effect on outcome. We aimed to determine the prevalence of trauma teams in Scotland. <b>Methods:</b> We performed a telephone survey of 24 hospitals with Emergency Departments and spoke to the senior clinician regarding provision of trauma teams. <b>Results:</b> 5 (21%) of the hospitals questioned had trauma teams. The most common reasons for not having one were: no problem with current system 8 (44%) and inability to include senior enough staff on the team 6 (24%). <b>Conclusions:</b> There are few trauma teams in Scottish acute hospitals. There was little enthusiasm for introducing them for a variety of reasons. Local evidence of benefit is likely needed before their adoption becomes widespread
A retrospective study on the effects of illness severity and atrial fibrillation on outcomes in the intensive care unit
Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in patients in
the intensive care unit (ICU) and has been associated with
worse outcomes. However, it is unclear whether AF itself adds
to the risk of death or is merely a marker of illness severity.
We aimed to record the incidence and outcomes of all patients
with different categories of AF and determine whether AF was
an independent predictor of death.<p></p>
Methods: This retrospective cohort study was undertaken in
the ICU of a tertiary-referral university hospital. Category of AF,
sex, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, APACHE II score, predicted
hospital mortality and survival outcomes were analysed from
1084 records. Percentages, medians and interquartile ranges
were used to describe the sample. Chi-square test and the
non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test were used, as appropriate,
for statistical analysis. Logistic regression analyses were
performed to evaluate the association of AF with death in the
ICU adjusting for age, sex, CRP level and APACHE II score.<p></p>
Results: Overall, 13.6% of patients developed new-onset AF
during their critical illness, while 4.3% had a pre-existing history.
The hospital mortality rate was higher in those with AF
compared with those without (47.9% vs. 30.9%, p<0.001) and
higher in those with newly diagnosed AF compared with those
with a prior history (53.1% vs. 31.9%, p=0.012). CRP levels
were higher in those with AF (p<0.001) compared with those
without and higher in those with newly diagnosed AF compared
with those with a prior history (p=0.012). On multivariate
logistic regression analysis, only the APACHE II score was
found to be an independent predictor of death.<p></p>
Conclusion: Despite the higher mortality rate in patients
with AF, the APACHE II score was the only independent predictor of death within the ICU. Prospective studies are required to explore the apparently reduced risk of dying
among those with a prior history of AF.<p></p>
Physical outcome measure for critical care patients following intensive care discharge
Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the most suitable
physical outcome measures to be used with critical care patients following
discharge. ICU survivors experience physical problems
such as reduced exercise capacity and intensive care acquired
weakness. NICE guideline ‘Rehabilitation after critical illness’ (1) recommends
the use of outcome measures however does not provide
any specific guidance. A recent Cochrane review noted wide variability
in measures used following ICU discharge (2).
Methods: Discharged ICU patients attended a five week multidisciplinary
programme. Patients’ physical function was assessed during
the programme, at 6 months and 12 months post discharge. Three
outcome measures were included in the initial two cohorts. The Six
Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and the Incremental Shuttle Walk test
(ISWT) were chosen as they have been used within the critical care
follow up setting (2). The Chester Step Test (CST) is widely thought
to be a good indicator of ability to return to work (one of the programmes
primary aims). Ethics approval was waived as the
programme was part of a quality improvement initiative.
Results: Data was collected for the initial patients attending the
programme (n = 13), median age was 52 (IQR = 38-72), median ICU
LOS was 19 days (IQR = 4-91), median APACHE II was 23 (IQR = 19-41)
and 11 were men. One patient was so physically debilitated that the
CST or ISWT could not be completed however a score was achieved
using the 6MWT. Another patient almost failed to achieve level 1 of
the ISWT. Subsequent patients for this project (total n = 47) have all
therefore been tested using the 6MWT. Good inter-rater and intrarater
reliability and validity have been reported for the 6MWT (3).
Conclusions: Exercise capacity measurement is not achievable for
some patients with either the ISWT or the CST due to the severity of
their physical debilitation. Anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and
depression are common psychological problems post discharge (4),
therefore using a test with a bleep is not appropriate. Therefore, the 6MWT is the most appropriate physical outcome measure to be used
with critical care patients post discharge
Classification of pain and its treatment at an intensive care rehabilitation clinic
Introduction
Treatment in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) often necessitates uncomfortable
and painful procedures for patients throughout their admission.
There is growing evidence to suggest that chronic pain is
becoming increasingly recognised as a long term problem for patients
following an ICU admission [1]. Intensive Care Syndrome: Promoting
Independence and Return to Employment (InS:PIRE) is a five
week rehabilitation programme for patients and their caregivers after
ICU discharge at Glasgow Royal Infirmary. This study investigated the
incidence and location of chronic pain in patients discharged from ICU
and classified the analgesics prescribed according to the World Health
Organization analgesic
Methods
The InS:PIRE programme involved individual sessions for patients and
their caregivers with a physiotherapist and a pharmacist along with
interventions from medical, nursing, psychology and community services.
The physiotherapist documented the incidence and pain location
during the assessment. The pharmacist recorded all analgesic medications
prescribed prior to admission and at their clinic visit. The patient’s
analgesic medication was classified according to the WHO pain ladder
from zero to three, zero being no pain medication and three being
treatment with a strong opioid. Data collected was part of an evaluation
of a quality improvement initiative, therefore ethics approval was
waived.
Results
Data was collected from 47 of the 48 patients who attended the rehabilitation
clinic (median age was 52 (IQR, 44-57) median ICU LOS
was 15 (IQR 9-25), median APACHE II was 23 (IQR 18-27) and 32 of
the patients were men (67 %)). Prior to admission to ICU 43 % of patients
were taking analgesics and this increased to 81 % at the time
of their clinic visit. The number of patients at step two and above on
the WHO pain ladder also increased from 34 % to 56 %.
Conclusions
Of the patients seen at the InS:PIRE clinic two-thirds stated that they
had new pain since their ICU admission. Despite the increase in the
number and strength of analgesics prescribed, almost a quarter of
patients still complained of pain at their clinic visit. These results confirm
that pain continues to be a significant problem in this patient
group. Raising awareness in primary care of the incidence of chronic
pain and improving its management is essential to the recovery
process following an ICU admission
Pharmacy intervention at an intensive care rehabilitation clinic
Introduction: During an intensive care stay, patients often have their
chronic medications withheld for a variety of reasons and new drugs
commenced [1]. As patients are often under the care of a number of
different medical teams during their admission there is potential for
these changes to be inadvertently continued [2]. Intensive Care Syndrome:
Promoting Independence and Return to Employment (InS:PIRE)
is a five week rehabilitation programme for patients and their
caregivers after ICU (Intensive Care Unit) discharge at Glasgow Royal
Infirmary. Within this programme a medication review by the critical
care pharmacist provided an opportunity to identify and resolve any
pharmaceutical care issues and also an opportunity to educate patients
and their caregivers about changes to their medication.
Methods: During the medication review we identified ongoing
pharmaceutical care issues which were communicated to the patient’s
primary care physician (GP) by letter or a telephone call. The patients
were also encouraged to discuss any issues raised with their GP. The
significance of the interventions was classified from those not likely to
be of clinical benefit to the patient, to those which prevented serious
therapeutic failure.
Results: Data was collected from 47 of the 48 patients who attended
the clinic (median age was 52 (IQR, 44-57) median ICU LOS was 15
(IQR 9-25), median APACHE II was 23 (IQR 18-27) and 32 of the patients
were men (67%). The pharmacist made 69 recommendations;
including 20 relating to drugs which had been withheld and not
restarted, dose adjustments were suggested on 13 occasions and
new drug recommendations were made for 10 patients. Duration of treatment for new medications started during hospital admission
was clarified on 12 occasions. Lastly adverse drug effects were reported
on 4 occasions and the incorrect drug was prescribed on 2
occasions. Of the interventions made 58% were considered to be of
moderate to high impact.
Conclusions: The pharmacist identified pharmaceutical care issues
with 18.6% of the prescribed medications. Just over half of the patients
reported that they were not made aware of any alterations to
their prescribed medication on discharge. Therefore a pharmacy
intervention is an essential part of an intensive care rehabilitation
programme to address any medication related problems, provide
education and to ensure patients gain optimal benefit from their
medication
Critical care provision after colorectal cancer surgery
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 2nd largest cause of cancer related mortality in the UK with 40 000
new patients being diagnosed each year. Complications of CRC surgery can occur in the perioperative period that
leads to the requirement of organ support. The aim of this study was to identify pre-operative risk factors that
increased the likelihood of this occurring.
Methods: This is a retrospective observational study of all 6441 patients who underwent colorectal cancer surgery
within the West of Scotland Region between 2005 and 2011. Logistic regression was employed to determine
factors associated with receiving postoperative organ support.
Results: A total of 610 (9 %) patients received organ support. Multivariate analysis identified age ≥65, male gender,
emergency surgery, social deprivation, heart failure and type II diabetes as being independently associated with
organ support postoperatively. After adjusting for demographic and clinical factors, patients with metastatic disease
appeared less likely to receive organ support (p = 0.012).
Conclusions: Nearly one in ten patients undergoing CRC surgery receive organ support in the post operative
period. We identified several risk factors which increase the likelihood of receiving organ support post operatively.
This is relevant when consenting patients about the risks of CRC surgery
A retrospective study on the effects of illness severity and atrial fibrillation on outcomes in the intensive care unit
Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common in patients in
the intensive care unit (ICU) and has been associated with
worse outcomes. However, it is unclear whether AF itself adds
to the risk of death or is merely a marker of illness severity.
We aimed to record the incidence and outcomes of all patients
with different categories of AF and determine whether AF was
an independent predictor of death.<p></p>
Methods: This retrospective cohort study was undertaken in
the ICU of a tertiary-referral university hospital. Category of AF,
sex, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, APACHE II score, predicted
hospital mortality and survival outcomes were analysed from
1084 records. Percentages, medians and interquartile ranges
were used to describe the sample. Chi-square test and the
non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test were used, as appropriate,
for statistical analysis. Logistic regression analyses were
performed to evaluate the association of AF with death in the
ICU adjusting for age, sex, CRP level and APACHE II score.<p></p>
Results: Overall, 13.6% of patients developed new-onset AF
during their critical illness, while 4.3% had a pre-existing history.
The hospital mortality rate was higher in those with AF
compared with those without (47.9% vs. 30.9%, p<0.001) and
higher in those with newly diagnosed AF compared with those
with a prior history (53.1% vs. 31.9%, p=0.012). CRP levels
were higher in those with AF (p<0.001) compared with those
without and higher in those with newly diagnosed AF compared
with those with a prior history (p=0.012). On multivariate
logistic regression analysis, only the APACHE II score was
found to be an independent predictor of death.<p></p>
Conclusion: Despite the higher mortality rate in patients
with AF, the APACHE II score was the only independent predictor of death within the ICU. Prospective studies are required to explore the apparently reduced risk of dying
among those with a prior history of AF.<p></p>
Serum lactate on admission to intensive care and outcome: an observational cohort study
No abstract available
Length of hospital stay prior to ICU admission and outcome
No abstract available
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