Лавинное питание ледника Джанкуат

In order to evaluate the contribution of snow avalanches, coming from outside the glacier limits, into the seasonal accumulation, an original algorithm is proposed for glaciers with ongoing terrestrial mass balance programme. It was tested on the Djankuat Glacier, Caucasus. A case study was realized for 1998/99 balance year when accumulation value was the closest to its long-term mean over the 46-year-long monitoring period. Snow avalanche feeding turned out to be only 2.8 per cent of total accumulation that is about an order of magnitude smaller than assumed hitherto. Лавинное питание относится к основным компонентам приходной статьи вещественного баланса ледника. Для ледников, на которых возможны прямые наземные масс-балансовые измерения, предлагается расчётная схема, позволяющая выделить из всей массы накопившегося сезонного снега объём лавинного питания, поступающего из-за пределов ледника. Методика основана на результатах построения поля аккумуляции по итогам проведения снегомерной съёмки на дату максимума сезонного снегонакопления. Одновременно картографируются зоны транзита и конусы выноса лавин (раздельно – зарождающиеся на леднике и приходящие извне). Распознавать точки со снеголавинными отложениями можно на ощупь зондами непосредственно при снегомерном профилировании. Превышение снегозапаса в лавинных точках против норм аккумуляции в морфологических аналогах ледниковой поверхности, находящихся вне зон лавинного воздействия, трактуется и численно параметризуется как привнос лавинного снега. Отмечены недостатки и неоднозначности предлагаемой схемы, а также возможные погрешности количественной оценки доли лавинного питания. Экспериментальный алгоритм был получен на леднике Джанкуат в сезон 1998/99 г., когда аккумуляция минимально отличалась от своего медианного значения за весь 46-летний ряд наблюдений. Доля лавинного питания составила 2,8%, что почти на порядок меньше значений, которые предполагались ранее.

Neutrophils in cancer: neutral no more

Neutrophils are indispensable antagonists of microbial infection and facilitators of wound healing. In the cancer setting, a newfound appreciation for neutrophils has come into view. The traditionally held belief that neutrophils are inert bystanders is being challenged by the recent literature. Emerging evidence indicates that tumours manipulate neutrophils, sometimes early in their differentiation process, to create diverse phenotypic and functional polarization states able to alter tumour behaviour. In this Review, we discuss the involvement of neutrophils in cancer initiation and progression, and their potential as clinical biomarkers and therapeutic targets

ER stress protein AGR2 precedes and is involved in the regulation of pancreatic cancer initiation

The work was supported by a grant A12008 from CR-UK (L. Dumartin, N.R. Lemoine and T. Crnogorac-Jurcevic)

Apc Mutation Enhances PyMT-Induced Mammary Tumorigenesis

The Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC) tumor suppressor gene is silenced by hypermethylation or mutated in up to 70% of human breast cancers. In mouse models, Apc mutation disrupts normal mammary development and predisposes to mammary tumor formation; however, the cooperation between APC and other mutations in breast tumorigenesis has not been studied. To test the hypothesis that loss of one copy of APC promotes oncogene-mediated mammary tumorigenesis, ApcMin/+ mice were crossed with the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-Polyoma virus middle T antigen (PyMT) or MMTV-c-Neu transgenic mice. In the PyMT tumor model, the ApcMin/+ mutation significantly decreased survival and tumor latency, promoted a squamous adenocarcinoma phenotype, and enhanced tumor cell proliferation. In tumor-derived cell lines, the proliferative advantage was a result of increased FAK, Src and JNK signaling. These effects were specific to the PyMT model, as no changes were observed in MMTV-c-Neu mice carrying the ApcMin/+ mutation. Our data indicate that heterozygosity of Apc enhances tumor development in an oncogene-specific manner, providing evidence that APC-dependent pathways may be valuable therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Moreover, these preclinical model systems offer a platform for dissection of the molecular mechanisms by which APC mutation enhances breast carcinogenesis, such as altered FAK/Src/JNK signaling

Avalanche feeding of the Djankuat Glacier

In order to evaluate the contribution of snow avalanches, coming from outside the glacier limits, into the seasonal accumulation, an original algorithm is proposed for glaciers with ongoing terrestrial mass balance programme. It was tested on the Djankuat Glacier, Caucasus. A case study was realized for 1998/99 balance year when accumulation value was the closest to its long-term mean over the 46-year-long monitoring period. Snow avalanche feeding turned out to be only 2.8 per cent of total accumulation that is about an order of magnitude smaller than assumed hitherto