Forms and methods of stimulation of innovative activities in the restructuring of production program

In the Russian economy not every business entity, implements innovative business activities. The situation generated by the complexity of perception and practical transition to an innovative economic system. On the development of innovative activities affects the overall condition of the economy, condition of material production. The research demonstrates that resource potential of innovative activities in recent years had a tendency towards absolute quantitative reduction and quality deterioration. The decrease in the level and quality of resource provision of innovative activity due to the lack of necessary financial resources. Currently, innovation has become the primary means of increasing the profit of economic entities at the expense of better meet market demand, reduce production costs compared to competitors. Given the complexity of businesses, there is a need of the state stimulation of innovative activity, which is carried out the main directions, forms and methods. In the system of direct effects of the state on business innovation is the stimulation of development of Technopark structures. Creating the most favourable conditions for innovative enterprises, the provision of various services is their main goal. For the food processing industry currently, the largest share in the investments in the investment activities have their own sources of funding, including the use of depreciation. To Finance industry-wide, cross-sectoral and regional scientific and technical problems you can create extra-budgetary funds for financing R & d and innovation support. To encourage regional interests, one of which is that innovation is available to local authorities. In the financial provision of innovative activity is given credit. A Bank loan allows you to increase the efficiency of innovation activity. The article concludes that these measures to stimulate innovative-innovative activity can effectively influence the activity of the company: will allow to increase the production of food products of high quality and varied assortment, which in turn, would boost the earnings of the food industry

Neuropsychological pattern of Parkinson's disease

The review deals with the problem of neuropsychological disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD), one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the world. A global search for foreign and Russian investigations in this topic in 2001 to 2016 has been carried out in the scientific databases Medline and Russian science citation index. Particular emphasis is laid on emotional, cognitive, and psychotic disorders that largely worsen quality of life and cause professional and social dysadaptation. The manifestations of and diagnostic criteria for impulsivecompulsive disorders in PD and the contribution of genetic and sociodemographic factors to their genesis are also depicted. Clinical neuropsychological assessment scales are assessed. Sleep disorders that are pathogenetically similar to neuropsychological disorders are characterized

Pharmacogenetics of drug-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease

Levodopa remains the gold standard of treating Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the inevitable complication of levodopa therapy is druginduced dyskinesias, which significantly limits the therapeutic capabilities of this group of drugs and requires treatment adjustment. At the same time, patients with PD show not only a wide interindividual variability in the response to levodopa treatment, but also differences in the frequency and time to onset of drug-induced dyskinesias. Therefore, genetic predisposition can play an important role in the development of complications of levodopa therapy.The paper reviews modern literature on the impact of mutations in the genes, the products of which are involved in the exchange of levodopa and are capable of provoking or, conversely, levelling the development of drug-induced dyskinesias in order to determine the possibilities of expanding the personalized approach to treating patients with PD

Neurons expressing individual enzymes of dopamine synthesis in the mediobasal hypothalamus of adult rats: Functional significance and topographic interrelations

International audienceBesides dopaminergic (DA-ergic) neurons having all enzymes of DA synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), ``monoenzymatic'' neurons expressing only one of them were found in the brain, mostly in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). The aim of this study was to test our hypothesis that DA is synthesized by monoenzymatic neurons, i.e. L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), which produced in the monoenzymatic TH neurons is transported in the monoenzymatic AADC neurons for DA synthesis. Incubation of MBH in Krebs-Ringer solution with L-leucine, a competitive inhibitor of L-DOPA uptake, was used to prevent a hypothetical L-DOPA capture into AADC-containing neurons. Incubation of the substantia nigra containing DA-ergic neurons under the same conditions served as the control. According to our data, the L-leucine administration provoked a decrease of DA concentration in MBH and in the incubation medium but not in the substantia nigra and respective incubation medium, showing a decrease of cooperative synthesis of DA in MBH. This conclusion was supported by an observation of higher concentration of L-DOPA in the incubation medium under perfusion of MBH with Krebs-Ringer solution containing tolcapone, an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase, and L-leucine than under perfusion with the same solution, but without L-leucine. Functional interaction between monoenzymatic TH and AADC neurons was indirectly confirmed by finding in electron microscopy their close relations in MBH. Besides monoenzymatic AADC neurons, any AADC-possessing neurons, catecholaminergic and serotoninergic, apparently, could participate in DA synthesis together with monoenzymatic TH neurons. This idea was confirmed by the observation of close topographic relations between monoenzymatic TH neurons and those containing both enzymes, i.e. DA-ergic, noradrenergic or adrenergic. Thus, monoenzymatic neurons possessing TH or AADC and being in close topographic relations can synthesize DA in cooperation