Chemical recycling of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Application to the synthesis of multiblock copolyesters

The chemical recycling of the poly(ethylene terephthalate), (PET), has been successfully carried out by glycolysis in the presence of bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET) resulting in the formation of hydroxytelechelic oligomers. These oligomers were then treated with carboxytelechelic poly(ε-caprolactone) oligomers of Mn = 2300 and Mn = 730 g•mol–1 molecular weight, in the absence or presence of the titanium tetrabutyloxide (Ti(OBu)4) as a catalyst to get multiblock copolyesters. The chemical structure of the synthesized copolyesters was investigated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy. Moreover the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to explore their thermal properties. The ester-ester interchange reaction was observed between the two oligopolyesters, was studied and discussed in detail

Оценка безопасности ревакцинации детей старше 1,5 лет против дифтерии, коклюша, столбняка, полиомиелита и гемофильной инфекции типа В вакциной Пентаксим

Supervision over 200 children in the age of 18–42 months (64 healthy and 136 with allergic displays, defeats CNS, often ill, and also having in the anamnesis of reaction to previous introduction DTP or Infanriks), revaccination with Pentaxim. It is shown, that 77% from them had asymptomatic current, only in 1,5% of cases strong reactions with temperature above 38,6°С were observed. Local reactions were marked at 25,5%, essentially more often at children with an allergy, defeat CNS and often ill, than at healthy (7,8%), but did not one child was not adverse events. The estimation safety vaccines Pentaxim confirms expediency of application as 1 revaccination against perussis, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis and unitary vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type B in children are more senior than year with a various state of health.Проведено наблюдение за 200 детьми в возрасте 18–42 мес. (64 здоровыми и 136 с аллергическими проявлениями, резидуальными поражениями ЦНС, часто болеющими, а также имеющими в анамнезе реакции на предшествующее введение АКДС и Инфанрикс), ревакцинированными вакциной Пентаксим. Показано, что в поствакцинальном периоде 77% имели бессимптомное течение, только в 1,5% случаев наблюдались сильные реакции с температурой выше 38,6°С. Местные реакции отмечались у 25,5%, существенно чаще у детей с аллергией, поражением ЦНС и часто болеющих, чем у здоровых (7,8%), но не превышали 3-5 см. Ни у одного ребенка не было поствакцинальных осложнений. Оценка реактогенности вакцины Пентаксим свидетельствует о ее безопасности и подтверждает целесообразность применения в качестве 1 ревакцинации против коклюша, дифтерии, столбняка, полиомиелита и однократной вакцинации против гемофильной инфекции типа В детей старше года с различным состоянием здоровья

A Functional Henipavirus Envelope Glycoprotein Pseudotyped Lentivirus Assay System

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are newly emerged zoonotic paramyxoviruses discovered during outbreaks in Queensland, Australia in 1994 and peninsular Malaysia in 1998/9 respectively and classified within the new <it>Henipavirus </it>genus. Both viruses can infect a broad range of mammalian species causing severe and often-lethal disease in humans and animals, and repeated outbreaks continue to occur. Extensive laboratory studies on the host cell infection stage of HeV and NiV and the roles of their envelope glycoproteins have been hampered by their highly pathogenic nature and restriction to biosafety level-4 (BSL-4) containment. To circumvent this problem, we have developed a henipavirus envelope glycoprotein pseudotyped lentivirus assay system using either a luciferase gene or green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene encoding human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) genome in conjunction with the HeV and NiV fusion (F) and attachment (G) glycoproteins.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Functional retrovirus particles pseudotyped with henipavirus F and G glycoproteins displayed proper target cell tropism and entry and infection was dependent on the presence of the HeV and NiV receptors ephrinB2 or B3 on target cells. The functional specificity of the assay was confirmed by the lack of reporter-gene signals when particles bearing either only the F or only G glycoprotein were prepared and assayed. Virus entry could be specifically blocked when infection was carried out in the presence of a fusion inhibiting C-terminal heptad (HR-2) peptide, a well-characterized, cross-reactive, neutralizing human mAb specific for the henipavirus G glycoprotein, and soluble ephrinB2 and B3 receptors. In addition, the utility of the assay was also demonstrated by an examination of the influence of the cytoplasmic tail of F in its fusion activity and incorporation into pseudotyped virus particles by generating and testing a panel of truncation mutants of NiV and HeV F.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Together, these results demonstrate that a specific henipavirus entry assay has been developed using NiV or HeV F and G glycoprotein pseudotyped reporter-gene encoding retrovirus particles. This assay can be conducted safely under BSL-2 conditions and will be a useful tool for measuring henipavirus entry and studying F and G glycoprotein function in the context of virus entry, as well as in assaying and characterizing neutralizing antibodies and virus entry inhibitors.</p

Efficient and Highly Specific Gene Transfer Using Mutated Lentiviral Vectors Redirected with Bispecific Antibodies

The goal of gene therapy is specific delivery and expression of therapeutic genes to target cells and tissues. Common lentivirus (LV) vectors are efficient gene delivery vehicles but offer little specificity. Here, we report an effective and versatile strategy to redirect LV to target cells using bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) that bind both cell receptors and LV envelope domains. Importantly, we ablated the native receptor binding of LV to minimize off-target transduction. Coupling bsAb specificity and ablated native LV tropism synergistically enhanced the selectivity of our targeted gene delivery system. The modular nature of our bsAb-based redirection enables facile targeting of the same LV to diverse tissues/cells. By abrogating the native broad tropism of LV, our bsAb-LV redirection strategy may enable lentivirus-based gene delivery in vivo, expanding the current use of LV beyond ex vivo applications.Despite their exceptional potencies, the broad tropism of most commonly used lentivirus (LV) vectors limits their use for targeted gene delivery in vivo. We hypothesized that we could improve the specificity of LV targeting by coupling (i) reduction of their binding to off-target cells with (ii) redirection of the vectors with a bispecific antibody (bsAb) that binds both LV and receptors on target cells. As a proof of concept, we pseudotyped nonreplicating LV using a mutated Sindbis envelope (mSindbis) with ablated binding to native receptors, while retaining the capacity to facilitate efficient fusion and endosomal escape. We then evaluated the transduction potencies of the mSindbis LV for HER2-positive (HER2+) (SKBR3) breast and HER2-negative (HER2−) (A2780) cells when redirected with different bsAbs. mSindbis LV alone failed to induce appreciable green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in either cell. When mixed with HER2-targeting bsAb, mSindbis LV was exceptionally potent, transducing 12% to 16% of the SKBR3 cells at a multiplicity of infection (MOI [ratio of viral genome copies to target cells]) of 3. Transduction was highly specific, resulting in ∼50-fold-greater selectivity toward SKBR3 cells versus A2780 cells. Redirecting mSindbis LV led to a 10-fold improvement in cell-specific targeting compared to redirecting wild-type Sindbis LV with the same bsAb, underscoring the importance of ablating native virus tropism in order to maximize targeting specificity. The redirection of mutated LV using bsAb represents a potent and highly versatile platform for targeted gene therapy

The estimation of safety booster vaccination children is more senior than 1,5 years against diphtheria, perussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis and Haemophilus influenzae type B with Pentaxim

Supervision over 200 children in the age of 18–42 months (64 healthy and 136 with allergic displays, defeats CNS, often ill, and also having in the anamnesis of reaction to previous introduction DTP or Infanriks), revaccination with Pentaxim. It is shown, that 77% from them had asymptomatic current, only in 1,5% of cases strong reactions with temperature above 38,6°С were observed. Local reactions were marked at 25,5%, essentially more often at children with an allergy, defeat CNS and often ill, than at healthy (7,8%), but did not one child was not adverse events. The estimation safety vaccines Pentaxim confirms expediency of application as 1 revaccination against perussis, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis and unitary vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type B in children are more senior than year with a various state of health

Ammonia emission from subtropical crop land area in India

Ammonia (NH3) emission from wheat (November to April) and rice (July to October) crops was measured using the chemiluminescence method at a subtropical agricultural area of India during 2009-2010. Samples were collected from the canopy height during different growth stages of wheat crop to study the variations of NH3 emission during different growth stages of the crop. Background atmospheric concentration of NH3 was measured at 5 m height at the study site. Background NH3 concentration was subtracted from the NH3 concentration at crop canopy height to estimate the emission of NH3 from crop canopy. The NH3 emission from the wheat crop were recorded as 33.3 to 57.0; 15.3 to 29.2; 10.3 to 28.0; 8.7 to 23.9 and 13.9 to 28.9 mu g m(-2) d(-1) during sowing, crown root initiation (CRI), panicle initiation, grain filling and maturity stages of the crop respectively. The NH3 emission followed a diurnal pattern with significant correlation with ambient temperature at different crop growth stages. Cumulative seasonal NH3 emission to the atmosphere was accounted for the loss of 10% of applied N-fertilizer during the wheat crop growing period. Immediate increase in NH3 emission was recorded from rice crop, grown under temperature gradient tunnel (TGT). However, the NH3 emission inside the TGT decreases within 3-4 h after the N-fertilizer application. Continuous estimation of NH3 concentration at the crop canopy inside the TGT, suggests that the NH3 emission to the atmosphere reaches its peak within 20 h of N-fertilizer application and continues up to 5 d following a diurnal pattern

Measurement of Ambient Ammonia over the National Capital Region of Delhi, India

Mixing ratio of ambient ammonia (NH3) was measured at various locations of the National Capital Region (NCR) of Delhi, India using a NH3-analyzer during January 2010 to June 2012 in campaign mode. The present study has been carried out on campaign based measurement of mixing ratios of NH3 and NO (x) for short period of time over the NCR of Delhi represent the indicative values over the region. The average mixing ratio of ambient NH3 was 20.9 +/- A 1.6 ppb during the period. The maximum average mixing ratio of ambient NH3 (28.8 +/- A 3.0 ppb) was recorded in an industrial area surrounded by intensive vehicular traffic followed by an agricultural farm (27.5 +/- A 2.1 ppb), whereas the minimum (6.4 +/- A 1.2 ppb) was recorded in the semi-urban area. The diurnal trend of NH3 depended on the ambient temperature at most of the sites and was affected by wind direction. Ambient NH3 was correlated with the NO (x) mixing ratio suggesting that the vehicular emission may be one of the sources of ambient NH3 in the NCR of Delhi. However, long-term measurements of ambient NH3 and their precursors will lead to seasonal variation of source apportionment over the NCR, Delhi, India