Atmospheric retrieval of exoplanets

Exoplanetary atmospheric retrieval refers to the inference of atmospheric properties of an exoplanet given an observed spectrum. The atmospheric properties include the chemical compositions, temperature profiles, clouds/hazes, and energy circulation. These properties, in turn, can provide key insights into the atmospheric physicochemical processes of exoplanets as well as their formation mechanisms. Major advancements in atmospheric retrieval have been made in the last decade, thanks to a combination of state-of-the-art spectroscopic observations and advanced atmospheric modeling and statistical inference methods. These developments have already resulted in key constraints on the atmospheric H2O abundances, temperature profiles, and other properties for several exoplanets. Upcoming facilities such as the JWST will further advance this area. The present chapter is a pedagogical review of this exciting frontier of exoplanetary science. The principles of atmospheric retrievals of exoplanets are discussed in detail, including parametric models and statistical inference methods, along with a review of key results in the field. Some of the main challenges in retrievals with current observations are discussed along with new directions and the future landscape

Verification of frequency characteristics of load devices declared by the manufacturer

The aim of the work was to clarify the possibility of determining the frequency characteristics of load devices according to the parameters of transients, the rate of rise of the leading edge, its duration, the presence or absence of overshoot, the form of the transient process. The main objective of the study was to determine the load parameters required to perform the calculation. To confirm this hypothesis about the influence of the selected parameters, the method of physical experiment was used. The specification of indicators for operational parameters may be relevant when organizing the input control of incoming purchased products for various applied tasks. The improvement of input control algorithms, the implementation of time characteristics checks instead of frequency ones will confirm the compliance of the characteristics declared by the manufacturer or supplier of this equipment and provide the possibility of identifying the internal structure of devices to ensure their compatibility with other equipment used in production, as well as expand the technological capabilities of enterprises. The indicated problem seems promising for a number of organizations operating complex electronic equipment, as well as for domestic manufacturers of electronic devices. The relevance of the study also lies in reducing the amount required for the verification process of equipment by increasing the computational load. In addition, dynamic identification by transient parameters increases the speed of verification