Exploration of the Chemistry and Biological Properties of Pyrimidine as a Privilege Pharmacophore in Therapeutics

The pyrimidine moiety is one of the most widespread heterocycles in biologically occurring compounds, such as nucleic acids components (uracil, thymine and cytosine) and vitamin B1. Due to its prebiotic nature to living cells in biodiversity, it is an highly privileged motif for the development of molecules of biological and pharmaceutical interest. This present work deals with the exploration of chemistry and medicinal diversity of pyrimidine which might pave way to long await discovery in therapeutic medicine for future drug design

Comparative Analysis of Corrosion of Aluminum Plates in Different Concentrations of Lime Solution

ABSTRACT Aluminum samples were cut into 5x5mm pieces and treated using four lime solutions with different molarities varying 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0. Sixteen samples of aluminum plates were produced from each thickness. These were further subdivided into four thicknesses (0.3 mm, 0.6 mm, 0.9 mm and 1.2 mm). Each group was then immersed into different solutions of lime for different time intervals. The samples were first weighed before and after immersion with a Miller balance. Weight losses were calculated for all samples. The corrosion rate of 8.250 mm/yr was obtained for the 0.3 mm sample of aluminum at 72 hours while the rate of corrosion decreased to 1.295 mm/yr at 288 hours. The photo micrographs of the aluminum samples both soaked and un-soaked were taken. It was observed that corrosion rates of the aluminum samples decreased with increase in thickness while the rates of corrosion decreased with time of immersion

Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Properties of Oil Extracts from the Seeds of Ricinodendron heudelotii

Objective: The aim of this project is to extract the chemical components of various parts of this tree and to characterize the constituents of these extracts and to test for their biological activity. Methodology: Agar-well diffusion assay was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the oil extract on the test isolates: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and the yeast Candida albicans. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for each test organism was determined by the broth dilution method using 0.5 McFarland’s standard. Results: Preliminary proximate and phytochemical analysis of the oil extracts from the seed showed the presence of the following minerals, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn as well as the following family of compounds: Steroids, saponin and terpenoids. Antimicrobial and antibacterial studies also revealed that the oil extract was active against Gram’s negative and positive bacteria and fungi. The test organisms were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus and the yeast Candida albicans. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was resistant to the oil extract at all the concentrations used. Conclusion: Amongst the bacteria used, highest MIC of 150 mg mLG1 was recorded for Staphylococcus aureus , while lowest MIC of 50 mg mLG1 was observed in E. coli . Highest activity was observed against the fungus, Candida albicans with MIC of 25 mg mLG

Heterogeneous Catalytic Efficiency of Silica Sulfuric Acid towards the Synthesis of Substituted Pyrimidin-2 (1H)-One Derivatives

Pyrimidine template is a highly privileged motif for the development of molecules of biological and pharmaceutical interest due to its prebiotic nature to life. This present study deals with the synthesis of pyrimidin- 2(1H)-one derivative from chalcones by the action of silica supported sulfuric acid (SSA) or conventional refluxed in concentrated hydrochloric acid. The chemical structures were confirmed by analytical data and spectroscopic means such as UV, IR, mass spectra, 1H and 13C NMR. SSA was found to be efficient method for the quantitative transformation to pyrimidine frame work. It can be re-used after simple washing with chloroform thereby rendering this procedure more economical

Characterization, Proximate Composition and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Seed Oil of Bauhinia tomentosa

Background: This study was carried out to investigate proximate composition, phytochemical profile and antimicrobial activity of the spectroscopically characterized seed oil of Bauhinia tomentosa . Materials and method: The characterization was carried out using FT-IR, mass spectra, 1H- and 13C-NMR. Results: The results from the proximate analysis showed the presence of crude protein 30.36±0.98%, crude fibre 26.00±0.69%, carbohydrate 25.32±0.57%, moisture content 12.04±0.39%, ash content 4.00±0.15% and fat content 2.28±0.09%. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes, cardiac glycosides, sterols, anthraquinones and tannins in varying degrees. The mineral determination showed that the seed oil contained iron (3.10±0.01 mg kgG1), manganese (0.38±0.01 mg kgG1), while cadmium (0.0 mg kgG1), lead (0.0 mg kgG1) and nickel (0.0 mg kgG1) were not detected. The extracted seed oil was investigated for antimicrobial efficiency against four bacterial isolates and two fungal, wherein gentamicin and clotrimazole were the clinical standard antibiotic and antifungal agents, respectively. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity result revealed the sample to be bioactive and of great pharmaceutical potential with MIC value of 6.25 and <3.625 mg mLG1 against Escherichia coli and Candida albican, respectively. Due to high nutritional values and broad antimicrobial properties, the seed oil of Bauhinia tomentosa has nutraceutical potentials, which might pave way for its use as an alternative nutrient source for mankind or for industrial purpose

Comparative Study of Microwave-assisted and Conventional Synthesis of 3-[1-(s-phenylimino) Ethyl]-2H-chromen-2-ones and Selected Hydrazone Derivatives

In this study, 3-acetylcoumarin 1, used as the essential precursor was synthesized by the reaction of salicyaldehyde with ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of a catalytic amount of piperidine in solvent-free medium. Schiff bases 2-9 were obtained by the condensation reaction of 3-acetylcoumarin, 1 with various aniline derivatives while reaction of 3-hydrazinoquinoxalin-2-one with four different 6-susbtituted 3-acetylcoumarins afforded the corresponding hydrazones 10-13. Both Schiff bases and hydrazone products were synthesized under microwave irradiation method and conventional synthetic strategy for comparative study. The microwave assisted reaction was remarkably successful and gave both Schiff bases and hydrazones in higher yields at shorter reaction time compared to conventional heating method. The characterization of the synthesized compounds were structurally confirmed by analytical data as well as spectroscopic means which involved 1H-and 13C-nmr, ir, UV-visible and mass spectra

Identification by GC-MS of the Components of Oils of Banana Peels Extract, Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Analyses

Banana is eaten all over the world by all sections of the population. A lectin, called BanLec, was isolated from banana fruit and found to possess anti-HIV-1 activity. However, the peels of banana are thrown away as rubbish although farmers are known to use them as feed for their animals. We thought that there might be some valuable chemicals in banana peels and therefore decided to extract the oils from their peels. Two varieties of Nigeria bananas were chosen for an initial study. The crude methanolic extract was subjected to phytochemical analysis, which revealed the presence of steroids, saponin, terpenoids, anthraquinones and tannins. Antimicrobial study of the methanolic extract showed that the oils were effective against some bacteria. The chemical constituents of the oils were identified and characterized by GC-MS. The fatty acids stearic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids and their methyl esters as well as 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furancarboxyaldehyde, cyclododecane, dibutyl phthalate, b-sitosterol, sesamin and epi-sesamin were among the identified components. These constituents were found to be compounds with known biological and medicinal activit

Finite Element Modelling of Electrokinetic Deposition of Zinc on Mild Steel with ZnO-Citrus sinensis as Nano-Additive

The electrokinetic deposition of zinc on mild steel substrate under the influence of ZnO-Citrus sinensis nano-additive was investigated numerically using a Finite Element (FE) solver. The conductivity of the Acid chloride plus ZnOCitrus sinensis nano-additive electrolyte and the properties of Zinc and mild steel electrodes were used as the input codes for the model. The model was designed on a 3-dimensional scale. The boundary conditions were set and the model was meshed using the finer mesh capability in the FE solver. The model was processed and readings of the modelled zinc deposited mild steel were taken, validated and analysed so as to get the optimum parameters from the deposition process. Based on the results, the deposition mass and thickness increased with deposition time with ZnO-Citrus sinensis nano-additive, it is thus recommended that relatively high deposition time should be used in order to achieve optimum deposition

Investigation of the Effect of R134a/Al2O3 –Nanofluid on the Performance of a Domestic Vapour Compression Refrigeration System

use of nanoparticles in heat transfer fluids. The study investigated the effect of Al2O3 nanoparticles on the working fluids of a vapour compression refrigeration system (VCRS) when used with refrigerant R134a. The nanorefrigerant was used in the vapour compression system without system retrofit. The system’s performance analyses were carried out via the freeze capacity tests and energy consumption analysis. The outcome showed that the performance of the Al2O3-dispersed nano-working fluid outperformed that of the conventional working fluid mixture. Specifically, the outcome demonstrated that the system with the nanorefrigerant achieved faster cooling, better performance and improved energy consumption. Thus, using Al2O3 nanoparticles in combination with the working fluids of domestic refrigerators was shown to be feasible. Further to this, based on the performance results, it was necessary to find out the very reason behind the improved thermal performance of the nanoparticle dispersed working fluid. This led to the determination of the thermophysical property of the nanolubricant. The results indicate better thermal conductivity and salinity, implying that the nanolubricant has better heat transfer ability than the base oil (Capella D). In addition to this, the results of the viscosity test showed that the presence of the nanoparticles caused a reduction in the lubricant’s viscosity thus portraying a reduction in the energy consumption. However, the pH test results indicate that there may be the need for an improved compressor material selection if the nanorefrigerant will be employed for vapour compression refrigeration purposes in the future

Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Studies of Stem and Root Extracts of Crateva adansonii

Aim: This study was designed to explore the phytochemical and antimicrobial screening of the stem and root extracts of Crateva adansonii. Place and Duration of Study: Sample: Iyesi village, Ota, Ogun State, and analysis carried out at Department of Chemistry and Department of Biological Sciences, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State and for duration of three months (November 2016 to February 2017). Methodology: Standard universal procedures were employed for both phytochemical and antimicrobial analysis. Results: The result obtained from the stem and root extracts of Crateva adansonii indicated the presence of flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides. Root extract was found to be richer in source of phytochemicals when compared to the stem extract. However, the highest antibacterial activity was observed against selected bacteria by both stem and root extracts. The potency of the root extract was observed to be higher than the stem extract against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Serratia spp. Conclusion: The preliminary studies on the stem and the root of Crateva adansonii extracts revealed their antimicrobial potential which could be further investigated for global utilization in pharmaceutical treatment, natural therapies, food preservation and cosmetic applications