Two-dimensional Rare-earth Halide Based Single Phase Triferroic

Two-dimensional multiferroic materials are highly sought after due to their huge potential for applications in nanoelectronic and spintronic devices. Here, we predict, based on first-principle calculations, a single phase {\it triferroic} where three ferroic orders; ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity, coexist simultaneously in hole doped GdCl$_2$ monolayer (a ferromagnetic semiconductor). This is achieved by substituting 1/3rd of the Gd$^{2+}$ ions with Eu$^{2+}$ in the hexagonal structure of GdCl$_2$ monolayer. The resulting metallic state undergoes a bond-centered charge ordering driving a distortion in the hexagonal structure making it semiconducting again and {\it ferroelastic}. Further, the lattice distortion accompanied by a breaking of the lattice centrosymmetry renders a non-centrosymmetric charge distribution which makes the monolayer {\it ferroelectric}, at the same time. The two ferroic orders, ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity, present in Eu doped GdCl$_2$ monolayer are found to be strongly coupled making it a promising candidate for device applications. The doped monolayer remains a ferromagnetic semiconductor with large 4f magnetic moment just like the parent monolayer and possesses an even higher (out-of-plane) magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) than its pristine counterpart as desired for two dimensional magnets to have high transition temperature.Comment: 7 Pages, 5 figure

On Fixed Point theorems in Fuzzy Metric Spaces in Integral Type

Abstract: This paper presents some common fixed point theorems for occasionally weakly compatible mappings in fuzzy metric spaces. Keywords: Occasionally weakly compatible mappings,fuzzy metric space

A Comparative Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Endotracheal Suctioning with and without Normal Saline Instillation in Terms of Physiological Parameters and Patient Outcome Measures among Mechanically Ventilated Patients in Selected Hospital of New Delhi

Intubated patients are unable to cough sufficiently to remove pulmonary secretion. Nurses occasionally encounter thick and tenacious secretions during endotracheal (ET) suctioning. To manage these secretions, normal saline instillation (NSI) is used throughout the world. The use of NSI before endotracheal suctioning is intended to lubricate the catheter, liquefy and soften secretions, and stimulate coughing. The objectives of the study were to assess the effectiveness of endotracheal suctioning with normal saline instillation in terms of physiological parameters and patient outcome among mechanicallyventilated patients; to assess the effectiveness of endotracheal suctioning without normal saline instillation in terms of physiological parameters and patient outcome among mechanically ventilated patients; and to compare the effectiveness in terms of physiological parameters and patient outcome in mechanically ventilated patients with and without normal saline instillation.Methods: A quantitative research approach with comparative descriptive design was used for the study. The study was conducted in Max Super specialty Hospital, Saket and New Delhi. Purposive sampling was used for selecting 60 mechanically ventilated patients, from which 30 had undergone ET suctioning with normal saline instillation and 30 had undergone ET suctioning without normal saline instillation. Physiological parameters were assessed by using an observation checklist. Patient outcomes were assessed through observations made at 0–72 hours.Results: The significant findings of the study revealed that mechanically ventilated patients, who had undergone ET suctioning with NSI in comparison to patients who had undergone ET suctioning without NSI, were significant in terms of ventilator tidal volume at 18 hours, p value was 0.005 (p1), similarlysystolic blood pressure at 6 hours and 12 hours were 0.001 and 0.049 respectively, significant at 0.05 level of significance. p value of temperature at 12 hours was 0.031, p values of ABG PaO2 at 0 hour, 6 hours,12 hours and 18 hours were 0.036, 0.005, 0.022 and 0.043 respectively, significant at 0.05 level of significance, p values of ABG Na+ at 6 hours and 12 hours were 0.003 and 0.001 respectively, significant at 0.05 level of significance, p values of ABG K+ at 6 hours were 0.046, p values of ABG Ca++ at 0 hour and 12 hours were 0.044 and 0.045 which were significant at 0.05 level respectively; however, the p2 value calculated by ANOVA test from 0–72 hours of patient outcome was not significant at 0.05 level of significance.Conclusion: The findings of the present study conclude that normal saline instillation while ET suctioning was effective in comparison to ET suctioning without normal saline instillation among mechanically ventilatedpatients in terms of respiratory parameters

Irradiation of benzene molecules by ion-induced and light-induced intense fields

Benzene, with its sea of delocalized $\pi$-electrons in the valence orbitals, is identified as an example of a class of molecules that enable establishment of the correspondence between intense ion-induced and laser-light-induced fields in experiments that probe ionization dynamics in temporal regimes spanning the attosecond and picosecond ranges.Comment: 4 ps figure

On Fixed Point theorems in Fuzzy 2-Metric Spaces and Fuzzy 3-Metric Spaces

In this paper, we give some new definitions of compatible mappings of types (I) and  (II) in fuzzy-2 metric space and fuzzy-3 metric space prove some common  fixed point theorems  for mappings under the condition of compatible mappings of types (I) and (II) in complete fuzzy-2 metric space and fuzzy-3 metric space. Our results extend, generalize and improve the corresponding results given by many authors. Keywords: Fuzzy metric space, Fuzzy 2-metric space, fuzzy-3 metric space ,Compatible mappings, Common fixed point

Problem formulation for theorizing at the frontier:An Oliver Williamson inspired approach

Ostensibly, the evolving science of strategic management is geared towards addressing vexing managerial problems. In practice, however, scholars in the field have a marked tendency to formulate problems to fit existing theoretical and methodological frameworks, even at the expense of committing type III errors. While the tendency to do so is often attributed to institutional pressures and the like, we submit that an equally or more compelling reason is the absence of guidance on how to engage in problem-driven inquiry and formulate problems to explore theoretical frontiers. In the strategic management field’s problem-solving spirit, we provide an approach for problem formulation and theorizing inspired by Oliver Williamson and two of his accomplished advisees. We abduce five principles and six dialectic conversations. We synthesize these principles and dialectics into five protocols to enable canonical problem formulation directed at exploring theoretical frontiers, that is, a “white space.” Using a recently rejected manuscript, we show how our Williamson inspired approach can be useful in formulating problems that are both managerially relevant and theoretically fruitful

MapCap allows high-resolution detection and differential expression analysis of transcription start sites

The position, shape and number of transcription start sites (TSS) are critical determinants of gene regulation. Most methods developed to detect TSSs and study promoter usage are, however, of limited use in studies that demand quantification of expression changes between two or more groups. In this study, we combine high-resolution detection of transcription start sites and differential expression analysis using a simplified TSS quantification protocol, MAPCap (Multiplexed Affinity Purification of Capped RNA) along with the software icetea . Applying MAPCap on developing Drosophila melanogaster embryos and larvae, we detected stage and sex-specific promoter and enhancer activity and quantify the effect of mutants of maleless (MLE) helicase at X-chromosomal promoters. We observe that MLE mutation leads to a median 1.9 fold drop in expression of X-chromosome promoters and affects the expression of several TSSs with a sexually dimorphic expression on autosomes. Our results provide quantitative insights into promoter activity during dosage compensation

Bacterial Peroxidase on Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide for Highly Sensitive H₂O₂ Detection

Peroxidase enzymes enable the construction of electrochemical sensors for highly sensitive and selective quantitative detection of various molecules, pathogens and diseases. Herein, we describe the immobilization of a peroxidase from Bacillus s. (BsDyP) on electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) layers. XRD, SEM, AFM, FT‐IR and Raman characterization of the sensor confirmed its structural integrity and a higher enzyme surface occupancy. The BsDyP‐ERGO/ITO/PET electrode performed better than other horseradish peroxidase‐based electrodes, as evinced by an improved electrochemical response in the nanomolar range (linearity 0.05–280 μM of H(2)O(2), LOD 32 nM). The bioelectrode was mechanically robust, active in the 3.5–6 pH range and exhibited no loss of activity upon storage for 8 weeks at 4 °C

Pattern formation during the evaporation of a colloidal nanoliter drop: a numerical and experimental study

An efficient way to precisely pattern particles on solid surfaces is to dispense and evaporate colloidal drops, as for bioassays. The dried deposits often exhibit complex structures exemplified by the coffee ring pattern, where most particles have accumulated at the periphery of the deposit. In this work, the formation of deposits during the drying of nanoliter colloidal drops on a flat substrate is investigated numerically and experimentally. A finite-element numerical model is developed that solves the Navier-Stokes, heat and mass transport equations in a Lagrangian framework. The diffusion of vapor in the atmosphere is solved numerically, providing an exact boundary condition for the evaporative flux at the droplet-air interface. Laplace stresses and thermal Marangoni stresses are accounted for. The particle concentration is tracked by solving a continuum advection-diffusion equation. Wetting line motion and the interaction of the free surface of the drop with the growing deposit are modeled based on criteria on wetting angles. Numerical results for evaporation times and flow field are in very good agreement with published experimental and theoretical results. We also performed transient visualization experiments of water and isopropanol drops loaded with polystyrene microsphere evaporating on respectively glass and polydimethylsiloxane substrates. Measured evaporation times, deposit shape and sizes, and flow fields are in very good agreement with the numerical results. Different flow patterns caused by the competition of Marangoni loops and radial flow are shown to determine the deposit shape to be either a ring-like pattern or a homogeneous bump