Actionism in modern art and social space

The article interprets actionism in the light of the general specifics of modern art. Performativity, ?patage, temporality are reflected as generic features of modern art. The attention is drawn to acute relations between modern art and social lifeОсмысливается акционизм в свете общей специфики современного искусства. Отрефлексированы перформативность, эпатажность, темпоральность как родовые особенности современного искусства, рассмотрены модели автора и воспринимающего в акционизме. Обращается внимание на острые отношения между современным искусством и общественной жизнь

Неклассическая художественность: проблемы изучения и интерпретации

The Article is devoted to the topical problem of understanding non-classical arts, the relationship of classical and nonclassical artistic paradigms, the specifics of modern art and the principles of its interpretationСтатья посвещена актуальной проблеме понимания неклассического искусства, соотношению классической и неклассической художественных парадигм, специфике современного искусства и принципам его интерпретаци

The regulatory role of cystatin C in autophagy and neurodegeneration

Autophagy is a dynamic cellular process involved in the turnover of proteins, protein complexes, and organelles through lysosomal degradation. It is particularly important in neurons, which do not have a proliferative option for cellular repair. Autophagy has been shown to be suppressed in the striatum of a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Cystatin C is one of the potent regulators of autophagy. Changes in the expression and secretion of cystatin C in the brain have been shown in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, and in some animal models of neurodegeneration, thus proving a protective function of cystatin C. It has been suggested that cystatin C plays the primary role in amyloidogenesis and shows promise as a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases). Cystatin C colocalizes with the amyloid β-protein in the brain during Alzheimer’s disease. Controlled expression of a cystatin C peptide has been proposed as a new approach to therapy for Alzheimer’s disease. In Parkinson’s disease, serum cystatin C levels can predict disease severity and cognitive dysfunction, although the exact involvement of cystatin C remains unclear. The aim: to study the role of cystatin C in neurodegeneration and evaluate the results in relation to the mechanism of autophagy. In our study on humans, a higher concentration of cystatin C was noted in cerebrospinal fluid than in serum; much lower concentrations were observed in other biological fluids (intraocular fluid, bile, and sweat). In elderly persons (61–80 years old compared to practically healthy people at 40–60 years of age), we revealed increased cystatin C levels both in serum and intraocular fluid. In an experiment on C57Bl/6J mice, cystatin C concentration was significantly higher in brain tissue than in the liver and spleen: an indication of an important function of this cysteine protease inhibitor in the brain. Using a transgenic mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (5 months old), we demonstrated a significant increase in osmotic susceptibility of brain lysosomes, depending on autophagy, while in a murine model of Alzheimer’s disease, this parameter did not differ from that in the appropriate control

P43

Cystatins are natural endogenous inhibitors of cysteine proteases universally involved into development of different tumors. Tumor growth and metastazing include increased consumption of these inhibitors, followed by decreased level of cystatins and dysregulation of proteases/protease inhibitors system. However, the biological role of individual cystatins is still not clear. The most known cystatin C was shown to relate to some types of tumor development. Cystatins include a group of intracellular cystatins (belonging to type 1) and extracellular cystatins (type 2), among them cystatins C, D, E/M, F, G, S, SN and SA, which functions were not studied enough. It was suggested that cystatin SN was responsible in regulation of tumor growth locally. The aim: To investigate cystatin C and cystatin SN concentrations in biological fluids of patients with intraocular melanoma as tumor biomarkers and possible therapy targets. Materials and methods: The patients with melanoma chorioidea (57 patients; among them woman 36, men 21; aged from 28 to 80, of middle age of 56.6 ± 2.4 years) were under investigation. In all cases the pathological process involved one eye. The control group consisted of 37 healthy persons (volunteers), medical personnel in clinic and students, aged from 20 to 49 years; the middle age 31 ± 4.1 years); 7 patients with age-related cataract aged from 57 to 80 (middle age 71 ± 2.6 years; man 3, woman 4). The biological fluids studied: tears, intraocular fluid (obtained during operation) and blood serum. In all cases investigation was made according to informed agreement of patients and control group members. Cystatins concentration was measured by ELISA kits: for Cystatin C (BioVendor, Chechia) and for cystatin SN with help of Human Cystatin SN (CST1) Elisa Kit Cusabio, China. Statistical analysis was made by non-parametric statistic test of Kruskal–Wallis, for correlations – Spearman test. The difference between groups studied was considered significant p < 0.05. Results: Increased serum level of cystatin C was revealed in patients with melanoma chorioides (1023.5 ± 78.9 ng/ml, p = 0.019) compared with the control (809.9 ± 146.8 ng/ml). In tears of patients with melanoma chorioidea, cystatin C concentration (441.7 ± 14.5 ng/ml) had a tendency to increase as compared to the data obtained in tears of the control group (287.5 ± 20.01 ng/ml) as well as the cystatin C level of intraocular fluid of these patients vs the control group (p < 0.1). Cystatin SN concentration in serum of patients with melanoma chorioidea (1.45 ± 0.30 ng/ml) was lower vs the control group (3.12 ± 0.32 ng/ml, p = 0.0038), as well as Cystatin SN level in intraocular fluid (1.43 ± 0.10 ng/ml) vs the control (2.60 ± 0.60 ng/ml, p < 0.05). There was no difference in cystatin SN concentration in tears of patients and control group. Conclusion: In serum of control (healthy) group, cystatin C concentration is significantly higher than cystatin SN level in serum, tears and intraocular fluid. The reverse correlation was revealed between the level of these inhibitors in serum, that is suggested their possible interaction. In melanoma patients the reciprocal changes in cystatin C and cystatin SN were shown: increased cystatin C and decreased cystatin SN level in all biological fluids studied. On the basis of cystatins distribution in biological fluids of patients one can suggest their involvement in pathological process as system reaction of organism on tumor development