Localization for MCMC: sampling high-dimensional posterior distributions with local structure

We investigate how ideas from covariance localization in numerical weather prediction can be used in Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling of high-dimensional posterior distributions arising in Bayesian inverse problems. To localize an inverse problem is to enforce an anticipated "local" structure by (i) neglecting small off-diagonal elements of the prior precision and covariance matrices; and (ii) restricting the influence of observations to their neighborhood. For linear problems we can specify the conditions under which posterior moments of the localized problem are close to those of the original problem. We explain physical interpretations of our assumptions about local structure and discuss the notion of high dimensionality in local problems, which is different from the usual notion of high dimensionality in function space MCMC. The Gibbs sampler is a natural choice of MCMC algorithm for localized inverse problems and we demonstrate that its convergence rate is independent of dimension for localized linear problems. Nonlinear problems can also be tackled efficiently by localization and, as a simple illustration of these ideas, we present a localized Metropolis-within-Gibbs sampler. Several linear and nonlinear numerical examples illustrate localization in the context of MCMC samplers for inverse problems.Comment: 33 pages, 5 figure

How Formal and Informal Institutions of Middle Eastern Countries Influence Managerial Discretion: An Empirical Investigation

Managerial discretion is the focal theme bridging the clash between two schools of thoughts; whether executives have greater influence on their firms’ outcomes or other factors restrain their actions (Hambrick & Finkelstein, 1987). It is argued that constraints come from inertial, normative and environmental forces (e.g. DiMaggio & Powell, 1983). Of these restraints is the institutional environment in which a firm is headquartered. Our paper falls within this research stream and provides an extension for Crossland and Hambrick (2007, 2011) work. We investigate the national level of discretion in new cross-cultural contexts, provide deeper understanding of its concept, and shed the light on undiscovered discretion’s antecedents and consequences. We adopt a quantitative approach in which questionnaires represent our data collection instrument. We anticipate that in high discretion countries firms tend to follow what Miles & Snow (1978) labeled ‘Prospector’ strategy as opposed to low discretion countries in which firms incline to implement a ‘Defender’ strategy

Study of the clay effect on crude oil combustion using thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC)

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Kansas, Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, 1982

Utilization of Arabic Calligraphy to Promote the Arabic Identity in Packaging Designs

Letters are considered an important element in graphic design. Arabic calligraphy, specifically, is an important art that give letters aesthetic form. Arabic letters are used in many different ways to form words. These words are then used in typography giving information and communicating with consumers. In Arabic packaging designs, Arabic letters are not yet utilized to give the cultural identity to the brand and graphic design of the Arabic products in general. This paper focuses at using Arabic letters and digital calligraphy to enhance packaging identity of Arabian products. Keywords: Arabic calligraphy, typography, lettering, identity, digital calligraphy, packaging desig

Equivalent standard fire duration to evaluate internal temperatures in natural fire exposed RC beams

With the recent shift towards performance-based fire design, practical methods to account for natural fire loading when designing concrete structures are needed. Available design methods and analysis approaches are based on standard fire curves. To apply these methods, a natural fire event can be converted to a standard fire with a specific duration (time equivalent). However, existing time equivalents often ignore the influence of internal temperature gradients on the section behaviour, which is unacceptable for concrete structures. This paper introduces a time equivalent method suitable for reinforced concrete (RC) beams exposed to natural fire. The method is based on the actual temperature gradient within a concrete section. To simplify analysis of RC beams exposed to fire, an average internal temperature profile (AITP) can be utilized, which records the average temperature variation along the height of a section. Two equations are provided such that a standard fire duration can be determined to accurately or conservatively represent the AITP of a beam section exposed to natural fire. Characteristics of the natural fire, as well as the influence of section dimensions are accounted for. The developed AITP time equivalent method is found to be superior to the existing methods and accurate in approximating the moment-curvature response for RC beam sections

The legal framework for private sector development in a transitional economy : the case of Poland

The economies of Central and Eastern Europe are in the midst of a historic transition from central planning and state ownership to development of a market-driven private sector. This transition requires comprehensive changes in"rules of the game"- including the legal framework for economic activity. A market economy presupposes a set of property rights and a system of laws or customs that allow the exchange of those rights. The legal framework in a market economy has at least three basic functions: defining the universe of property rights; setting the rules for entry into and exit from productive activities; and setting the rules of market exchange. These legal tasks are accomplished by areas of law such as: company, foreign investment, bankruptcy, contract and competition law. Poland has a rich legal tradition dating from pre-socialist times, which was suppressed but not eliminated during its forty years of socialism. This tradition is being revised as the country moves toward a private market economy. The current legal framework in Poland closely follows other continental jurisdictions and has a clear and reasonable internal logic. Many of the laws are old, but most are flexible enough to permit a wide range of modern, market-oriented activity. Property law, however, remains a"jungle". The wide discretion and general lack of precedent create tremendous legal uncertainty that is sure to hamper private sector development.Environmental Economics&Policies,Banks&Banking Reform,Municipal Housing and Land,Legal Products,Land and Real Estate Development