Evaluating tools to support a new practical classification of diabetes: excellent control may represent misdiagnosis and omission from disease registers is associated with worse control.

To conduct a service evaluation of usability and utility on-line clinical audit tools developed as part of a UK Classification of Diabetes project to improve the categorisation and ultimately management of diabetes

The protective role of melatonin on L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in adult male albino rats

Background: Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease that has an increasing incidence worldwide. AP is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates ranging 15–40% in its severe form. Oxidative stress plays an important role in pancreatic acinar cell injury in case of AP. Melatonin (Mel) is proven to have both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the work was to investigate the protective role of Mel against L-arginine (L-arg)-induced AP in adult male albino rats. Materials and methods: Thirty-six adult male albino rats were used in this study. Animals were divided into four groups; Control group (Group A; n = 6), Mel group (Group B; n = 6), L-arg group (Group C; n = 12) receiving two doses of L-arg injection with 1 h interval in-between, and L-arg+Mel group (Group D; n = 12) receiving Mel 1 h after each L-arg injection. 24 h after the second L-arg injection, the serum levels of amylase (AM), lipase (LP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α) were determined. Then, pancreatic specimens were processed for histological and immunohistochemical staining with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the area percentage of VEGF and collagen content were measured by digital image analysis. Results: Microscopic examination revealed that animals received L-arg only (Group C) showed loss of the pancreatic lobular architecture with marked fibrosis, acinar degeneration, inflammatory reaction and marked oedema with vascular congestion. Also, L-arg-induced AP caused a significant elevation of the serum levels of AM, LP, IL-6. All these histo-pathological and serological parameters were markedly improved by Mel administration. Conclusions: Melatonin exhibits strong therapeutic effects in the course of AP. Hence, the use of Mel as adjuvant treatment in AP is recommended.

Facile Synthesis Of Reduced Graphene Oxide-supported Pd/Cuo Nanoparticles As An Efficient Catalyst For Cross-coupling Reactions

The present communication reports a scientific investigation of a simple and versatile synthetic route for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles decorated with copper oxide and supported on reduced graphene oxide (rGO). They are used as a highly active catalyst of Suzuki, Heck, and Sonogashira cross coupling reactions with a remarkable turnover number of 7000 and a turnover frequency of 85000 h-1. The Pd-CuO nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (Pd-CuO/rGO) exhibit an outstanding performance through a high catalytic activity towards cross coupling reactions. A simple, reproducible, and reliable method is used to prepare this efficient catalyst using microwave irradiation synthetic conditions. The synthesis approach requires a simultaneous reduction of palladium and copper nitrates in presence of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets using hydrazine hydrate as a strong reducing agent. The highly active and recyclable catalyst has many advantages including mild reaction conditions and short reaction durations in an environmentally benign solvent system. Moreover, the catalyst prepared can be recycled for up to five times with nearly identical high catalytic activity. Furthermore, the high catalytic activity and the recyclability of the catalyst prepared are due to the strong catalyst-support interaction. The defect sites of the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) act as nucleation centers that enable anchoring of both Pd and CuO nanoparticles and hence, minimize the possibility of agglomeration which leads to a severe decrease of the catalytic activity

Microwave-assisted Synthesis Of Palladium Nanoparticles Supported On Copper Oxide In Aqueous Medium As An Efficient Catalyst For Suzuki Cross-coupling Reaction

We report here a reliable green method for the synthesis of palladium nanoparticles supported on copper oxide as a highly active and efficient catalyst for Suzuki cross-coupling reaction. The experimental synthetic approach is based on microwave-assisted chemical reduction of an aqueous mixture of palladium and copper salt simultaneously using hydrazine hydrate as reducing agent. The catalyst was fully characterized using various techniques showing well-dispersed palladium nanoparticles. The catalytic activity and recyclability of the prepared catalyst were experimentally explored in the ligand-free Suzuki cross-coupling reaction with a diverse series of functionalized substrates. The synthesized Pd/CuO catalyst shows many advantages beside its high catalytic efficiency such as the recyclability of up to five times with negligible loss of catalytic activity, short reaction times, use of environmentally benign solvent systems, and mild reaction conditions

Visečestične korelacije sivih čestica emitiranih u sudarima jezgra–jezgra

The short range correlation among emitted knock on nucleons from heavy ion collisions is used to reveal the dynamic characteristics of the reactions at high energy. Two- and three-particle correlations are considered in angular space to explain the emission of gray particles from collectively excited states of the nucleus as a Fermi liquid drop. Positive correlation is detected only among particles emitted in the extreme backward direction which is the coldest domain. It is interpreted as direct non-statistical emission (splashing) of nucleons via the dynamical distortion of the Fermi surface accompanying the collective motion.Proučavamo korelacije kratkog dosega izbijenih nukleona u sudarima teških iona radi upoznavanja dinamičkih značajki tih reakcija na visokim energijama. Razmatramo dvo- i tro-čestične kutne korelacije emitiranih sivih čestica iz kolektivnih uzbudnih stanja jezgre promatrane kao Fermijeva kapljica tekućine. Pozitivna se korelacija opaža samo u smjeru prema natrag što odgovara najhladnijem području jezgre. To se tumači kao izravna nestatistička emisija (zapljuskivanje) nukleona putem dinamičkog izobličenja Fermijeve površine pri kolektivnom gibanju u jezgri

Spectrophotometric Study of Acid-Base Equilibria in Non-Aqueous Solvents

The equilibrium constants for the reaction of 2,6-dichloro-4- -nitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol, 2,5-dinitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol with some aliphatic amines of different structures have been determined spectrophotometrically in chlorobenzene, ethyl acetate and carbon tetrachloride as solvents. The data show that such reactions in inert solvents lead essentially to ion-pairs of the type BH+ ... A- where, HA and B represent the phenol and ·amine molecule, respectively. This conclusions was found to be in agreement with that obtained by other workers. In chlorobenzene as a solvent, the basic strengths fall in the order mono < di- < tri-n- . -butyl amine, while in ethyl acetate the order of basic strengths becomes: mono-> di-> tri-n-butyl amine. These results are discussed from the point of view of solvation as an important role in the determination of the relative strengths of butylamines, as well as the extent to which dinitrophenols are affected by chelation between the phenolic OH and ortho-nitro group. However, in chlorobenzene and ethyl acetate as solvents, the relative basic strengths of pyridine and aniline derivatives remain independent of the solvent when bromophenol blue is used as a reference acid. The of KBH+A- values for aniline derivatives proved to be more suitable for judging the effect of the substituent than the basic strength in aqueous solution