16 research outputs found

    AGENTES ASOCIADOS Y SU PAPEL EN LA DECLINACIÓN Y MUERTE DE ENCINOS (QUERCUS, FAGACEAE) EN EL CENTRO-OESTE DE MÉXICO

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    This study was carried out to identify bioticand abiotic agents and to determine theirrole in oak decline and death in five statesof the Mexican Republic: Aguascalientes,Colima, Guanajuato, Jalisco and Nayarit.Two 0.1-ha permanent plots wereestablished at the most representativeforested areas with tree death, diebackand bleeding cankers in these statesand sampled during 2003, 2004 and 2005(10 plots in total). Field observations weremade, and foliage, branch, trunk and soilsamples were collected to identify theassociated agents in each plot. Isolates frombleeding cankers were made in situ. Themost commonly found biotic agents were:Phytophthora cinnamomi, Pythium sp.,Hypoxylon antropunctatum, Ganodermaspp., Armillaria sp., Apiognomoniaquercina, the dwarf mistletoe(Phoradendron villosum), bark borers,insect defoliators and livestock overgrazing.Among the abiotic stress factors commonlyfound were the effects due to lowtemperature-lack of water and fire. Basedon their incidence, P. cinnamomi, H.antropunctatum and low temperature-lackof water were considered the most importantcontributors to the decline and death of theoaks. P. cinnamomi was identified in four ofthe 10 plots, mainly in Colima and Jalisco;H. antropunctatum was detected in sixplots, particularly in Nayarit andAguascalientes. Stem cankers (cracks) dueto low temperature-lack of water wereobserved in four plots, damaging 52% of the trees in Aguascalientes and 24% inGuanajuato. It was concluded that P.cinnamomi is killing some oak species, H.antropunctatum is colonizing weakenedtrees, and low temperature-lack of water iscausing stress and in some cases death inoaks.Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificary determinar el papel tanto de los factoresbióticos como de los abióticos asociados ala declinación y muerte del encino en cincoestados de la República mexicana: Aguascalientes, Colima, Guanajuato, Jalisco yNayarit. Para esto, se establecieron dossitios permanentes de 0.1 ha en cada una delas áreas más representativas (con arboladomuerto, con muerte regresiva y cancros conexudado) de los estados mencionados (10sitios en total), los cuales fueron muestreados durante 2003, 2004 y 2005. Sehicieron observaciones y colectas en campode follaje, ramas, tronco y suelo, paraidentificar a los diferentes agentes de dañoen cada sitio. Se realizaron aislamientosin situ de cancros con exudado en mediosespecíficos. Los agentes bióticos máscomunes fueron: Phytophthora cinnamomi,Pythium sp., Hypoxylon antropunctatum,Ganoderma sp., Armillaria sp.,Apiognomonia quercina, el muérdagoenano (Phoradendron villosum), barrenadores, defoliadores y sobrepastoreo. Entre los abióticos causantes de estrés ymuerte, destacaron los daños ocasionadospor las bajas temperaturas-falta de aguay fuego. Con base en su incidencia, P.cinnamomi, H. antropunctatum y las bajastemperaturas-falta de agua son considerados los factores de mayor importanciaen la declinación y muerte del encino. P.cinnamomi fue identificado en cuatro delos diez sitios, particularmente de Colimay Jalisco; H. antropunctatum fué detectadoen seis de diez, principalmente en losrodales de Nayarit y Aguascalientes. Loscancros de troncos (rajaduras), debido a lasbajas temperaturas-falta de agua, seobservaron en cuatro sitios, afectando al52% de los árboles en Aguascalientes y24% en Guanajuato. Se concluye que P.cinnamomi está ocasionando la muertede algunas especies de encino, H.antropunctatum está coloni-zando árbolesdebilitados y las bajas temperaturas-faltade agua están participando como agentescausantes de estrés y muerte en algunoscasos

    Relevance of the light signaling machinery for cellulase expression in trichoderma reesei (hypocrea jecorina)

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In nature, light is one of the most important environmental cues that fungi perceive and interpret. It is known not only to influence growth and conidiation, but also cellulase gene expression. We therefore studied the relevance of the main components of the light perception machinery of <it>Trichoderma reesei </it>(<it>Hypocrea jecorina</it>), ENV1, BLR1 and BLR2, for production of plant cell wall degrading enzymes in fermentations aimed at efficient biosynthesis of enzyme mixtures for biofuel production.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Our results indicate that despite cultivation in mostly dark conditions, all three components show an influence on cellulase expression. While we found the performance of the enzyme mixture secreted by a deletion mutant in <it>env1 </it>to be enhanced, the higher cellulolytic activity observed for <it>Δblr2 </it>is mainly due to an increased secretion capacity of this strain. <it>Δblr1 </it>showed enhanced biomass accumulation, but due to its obviously lower secretion capacity still was the least efficient strain in this study.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We conclude that with respect to regulation of plant cell wall degrading enzymes, the blue light regulator proteins are unlikely to act as a complex. Their regulatory influence on cellulase biosynthesis involves an alteration of protein secretion, which may be due to adjustment of transcription or posttranscriptional regulation of upstream factors. In contrast, the regulatory function of ENV1 seems to involve adjustment of enzyme proportions to environmental conditions.</p

    Light regulation of metabolic pathways in fungi

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    Light represents a major carrier of information in nature. The molecular machineries translating its electromagnetic energy (photons) into the chemical language of cells transmit vital signals for adjustment of virtually every living organism to its habitat. Fungi react to illumination in various ways, and we found that they initiate considerable adaptations in their metabolic pathways upon growth in light or after perception of a light pulse. Alterations in response to light have predominantly been observed in carotenoid metabolism, polysaccharide and carbohydrate metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, nucleotide and nucleoside metabolism, and in regulation of production of secondary metabolites. Transcription of genes is initiated within minutes, abundance and activity of metabolic enzymes are adjusted, and subsequently, levels of metabolites are altered to cope with the harmful effects of light or to prepare for reproduction, which is dependent on light in many cases. This review aims to give an overview on metabolic pathways impacted by light and to illustrate the physiological significance of light for fungi. We provide a basis for assessment whether a given metabolic pathway might be subject to regulation by light and how these properties can be exploited for improvement of biotechnological processes

    Diversidad, estructura arbórea e índice de valor de importancia en un bosque urbano de la Ciudad de México

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    ABSTRACT Urban trees are an essential component of all city´s facilities. The San Juan de Aragon Park (SJAP) in Mexico City, is considered a green area with environmental value; however, there is little research on the diversity and structure as a health indicator. The aims of the study were to adapt the Forest Health methodology for tree diversity and structure indicators (DSI) to assess SJAP current´s condition. A total of 28 circular sites (0.1 ha) were randomly established. For each tree, taxonomic identification, normal diameter (Nd) and total height (Th) were registered. Basal area (Ba), compound volume, crown surface as well as the Simpson, Berger-Parker, and an urban importance value index (UIVI) was determined. The Casuarinaceae, Proteaceae, Myrtaceae and Cupressaceae families were the most abundant with 69% of the total density. Average Nd, Th and Ba were 155 cm, 8.6 m, and 0.40 m2 ha-1, respectively. Simpson index was 0.85 representing a high dominance y low richness, Berger-Parker values (0.66) concentrates abundance in four species. The highest UIVI were obtained for Casuarina equisetifolia (31.98%), and Eucalyptus camaldulensis (19.96%). Tree diversity was low, similar to other urban green areas. The UIVI identifies species with the actual highest potential to provide ecosystem services due to their highest biomass and coverage.RESUMEN El arbolado urbano es un elemento esencial en la infraestructura de toda urbe. El Bosque San Juan de Aragón (BSJA) en la Ciudad de México está catalogado como un área verde de valor ambiental pero su condición respecto a la diversidad y estructura arbórea se ha estudiado poco. El propósito del presente trabajo fue aplicar los procedimientos del Indicador Diversidad y Estructura, en el área verde urbana, Bosque San Juan de Aragón de la Ciudad de México, y contribuir en el diagnóstico sobre el estado actual de salud en esta materia. Se ubicaron al azar 28 sitios de muestreo circulares de 0.1 ha; en cada uno se determinó por árbol, la clasificación taxonómica, el diámetro normal (Dn), la altura total (At) y diámetro de copa. En gabinete se calculó el área basal (Aba), volumen compuesto y área superficial de copa y los índices de diversidad de Simpson, Berger-Parker, además, de un índice de valor de importancia urbano (IVIU). Se identificaron 10 familias, 11 géneros y 12 especies. Las familias Casuarinaceae, Proteaceae, Myrtaceae y Cupressaceae estuvieron representadas en un 69%. El Dn promedio fue de 17.5 cm, la At de 8.6 m y el Aba de 0.40 m2/ha. El valor para el índice de Simpson fue de 0.85 que indica una alta dominancia y baja riqueza de especies y el de Berger-Parker fue de 0.66, concentrado la abundancia en cuatro especies. Casuarina equisetifolia y Eucalyptus camaldulensis presentaron los IVIU más altos con 31.98% y 19.96%, respectivamente. La diversidad arbórea del bosque fue baja, similar a otras áreas verdes urbanas. Por medio del IVIU se jerarquizó la importancia por especie, y se identificó a las de mayor potencial actual para proveer servicios ecosistémicos debido a sus altos porcentajes de biomasa y cobertura

    Agentes asociados y su papel en la declinación y muerte de encinos (quercus, fagaceae) en el centro-oeste de México

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    ABSTRACT This study was carried out to identify biotic and abiotic agents and to determine their role in oak decline and death in five states of the Mexican Republic: Aguascalientes, Colima, Guanajuato, Jalisco and Nayarit. Two 0.1-ha permanent plots were established at the most representative forested areas with tree death, dieback and bleeding cankers in these states and sampled during 2003, 2004 and 2005 (10 plots in total). Field observations were made, and foliage, branch, trunk and soil samples were collected to identify the associated agents in each plot. Isolates from bleeding cankers were made in situ. The most commonly found biotic agents were: Phytophthora cinnamomi, Pythium sp., Hypoxylon antropunctatum, Ganoderma spp., Armillaria sp., Apiognomonia quercina, the dwarf mistletoe (Phoradendron villosum), bark borers, insect defoliators and livestock overgrazing. Among the abiotic stress factors commonly found were the effects due to low temperature-lack of water and fire. Based on their incidence, P. cinnamomi, H. antropunctatum and low temperature-lack of water were considered the most important contributors to the decline and death of the oaks. P. cinnamomi was identified in four of the 10 plots, mainly in Colima and Jalisco; H. antropunctatum was detected in six plots, particularly in Nayarit and Aguascalientes. Stem cankers (cracks) due to low temperature-lack of water were observed in four plots, damaging 52% of the trees in Aguascalientes and 24% in Guanajuato. It was concluded that P. cinnamomi is killing some oak species, H. antropunctatum is colonizing weakened trees, and low temperature-lack of water is causing stress and in some cases death in oaks.RESUMEN Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar y determinar el papel tanto de los factores bióticos como de los abióticos asociados a la declinación y muerte del encino en cinco estados de la República mexicana: Aguascalientes, Colima, Guanajuato, Jalisco y Nayarit. Para esto, se establecieron dos sitios permanentes de 0.1 ha en cada una de las áreas más representativas (con arbolado muerto, con muerte regresiva y cancros con exudado) de los estados mencionados (10 sitios en total), los cuales fueron muestreados durante 2003, 2004 y 2005. Se hicieron observaciones y colectas en campo de follaje, ramas, tronco y suelo, para identificar a los diferentes agentes de daño en cada sitio. Se realizaron aislamientos in situ de cancros con exudado en medios específicos. Los agentes bióticos más comunes fueron: Phytophthora cinnamomi, Pythium sp., Hypoxylon antropunctatum, Ganoderma sp., Armillaria sp., Apiognomonia quercina, el muérdago enano (Phoradendron villosum), barrenadores, defoliadores y sobrepastoreo. Entre los abióticos causantes de estrés y muerte, destacaron los daños ocasionados por las bajas temperaturas-falta de agua y fuego. Con base en su incidencia, P. cinnamomi, H. antropunctatum y las bajas temperaturas-falta de agua son considerados los factores de mayor importancia en la declinación y muerte del encino. P. cinnamomi fue identificado en cuatro de los diez sitios, particularmente de Colima y Jalisco; H. antropunctatum fué detectado en seis de diez, principalmente en los rodales de Nayarit y Aguascalientes. Los cancros de troncos (rajaduras), debido a las bajas temperaturas-falta de agua, se observaron en cuatro sitios, afectando al 52% de los árboles en Aguascalientes y 24% en Guanajuato. Se concluye que P. cinnamomi está ocasionando la muerte de algunas especies de encino, H. antropunctatum está coloni-zando árboles debilitados y las bajas temperaturas-falta de agua están participando como agentes causantes de estrés y muerte en algunos casos
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