Aggregate-Size Stability Distribution and Soil Stability

A new theoretical and experimental framework that permits an accurate determination of aggregate-size stability distribution is presented. The size-stability distribution in addition to estimating aggregate-size distribution distinguishes between amounts of stable and unstable macroaggregates (>250 μm). The determination of aggregate-size stability distribution involves the assumptions that soil aggregates can be categorized in terms of their size and water stability (slaking resistance). Experimentally this procedure involves the slaked and capillary-wetted pretreatments; and a subsequent slaking treatment of aggregates >250 μm in size. We also propose the stable aggregates index (SAI) and the stable macroaggregates index (SMaI) for studying soil stability based on aggregate resistance to slaking. These indices account for the total weighted average of stable aggregates and the total weighted average of stable macroaggregates, respectively. Both the SAI and the SMaI indices were shown to be sensitive to the effects of vegetation on soil stability under different riparian buffer communities. The SAI and the SMaI indices were higher in surface soils under cool-season grass than any of the other treatments. These soils samples are well aggregated with SAI = 74% and SMaI = 56% followed by SAI = 55% and SMaI = 37% under existing riparian forest, SAI = 40% and SMaI = 21% under 7-yr switchgrass and SAI = 36% and SMaI = 18% under cropped system.This article is from Soil Science Society of America Journal 68 (2004): 725, doi:10.2136/sssaj2004.7250.</p

Degradação de pastagens na Região Amazônica: propriedades físicas do solo e crescimento de raízes Pasture degradation in the Amazon region: soil physical properties and root growth

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar: (i) a relação entre a degradação de pastagens de colonião manejadas com queima, e as modificações nas propriedades físicas e morfológicas de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo da Amazônia; (ii) o crescimento radicular de pastagens com diferentes níveis de degradação; (iii) o potencial de recuperação de pastagens degradadas de colonião com a introdução de andropógon. Numa propriedade rural da Região de Marabá, PA, foram estudados quatro tipos de pastagem: pastagem produtiva de colonião (Panicum maximum Jacq.); pastagem de colonião em declínio produtivo; pastagem de colonião degradada (capoeira); pastagem de colonião degradada e recuperada com andropógon (Andropogon gayanus Kunth). Como referência das propriedades do solo antes do desmatamento, estudou-se, também, uma reserva de mata nativa. A queima das pastagens foi prática usual, e apesar disso, estas não foram adubadas. A degradação da pastagem diminuiu a cobertura do solo e o deixou exposto à chuva e ao pisoteio do gado, o que resultou em aumento da densidade do solo na camada superficial e diminuição do grau de floculação da argila e da porosidade total. A diminuição da produção da parte aérea na pastagem degradada foi acompanhada de diminuição do número de raízes no perfil do solo, e da concentração do sistema radicular próximo à superfície. O andropógon demonstrou bom potencial para recuperação das áreas de pastagens degradadas, na Região Amazônica.<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate: (i) the relation between the degradation of burned Guinea grass pastures and the modifications of some physical and morphological properties of an Amazonian Ultisol; (ii) the root growth of pastures in different degradation stages; and (iii) the potential of rehabilitation of degraded Guinea grass pastures by introducing Gamba grass. On a farm at the eastern Amazon, region of Marabá, PA, Brazil, four pasture types were studied: productive Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) pasture; Guinea grass pasture on yield decline; degraded Guinea grass pasture (fallow), and degraded Guinea grass pasture recovered with Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus Kunth). As reference of the soil original characteristics before clearing, a native forest area was also studied. Burning was an usual practice; moreover, the pastures did not receive fertilizers. Pasture degradation decreased soil covering and exposed the soil surface to the direct impact of rain drops and cattle compaction, what resulted in soil bulk density increase in the superficial layer and decrease in clay flocculation and soil total porosity. Forage yield decline on degraded pasture was accompanied by a decrease on the number of roots on the soil profile, and there was a concentration of the root system close to the surface. Andropogon gayanus showed good potential for the rehabilitation of degraded pastures on the Amazon Region

Mechanisms of Soil Aggregates Stability in Purple Paddy Soil under Conservation Tillage of Sichuan Basin, China

Part 1: Decision Support Systems, Intelligent Systems and Artificial Intelligence ApplicationsInternational audienceRidge culture is a special conservation tillage method, but the long-term influence of this tillage system on soil aggregate-size stability in paddy fields is largely unknown in southwest of china. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate soil aggregates stability and to determine the relationship between SOC and soil aggregate stability. Soil samples at 0-20 cm layer were adopted from a long-term (16 yr) field experiment including conventional tillage: plain culture, summer rice crop and winter upland crop under drained conditions (PUR-r), and conservation tillage: ridge culture without tillage, summer rice and winter fallow with floodwater layer annually (NTR-f), and winter upland crop under drained conditions (NTR-r), and wide ridge culture without tillage, summer rice crop and winter upland crop under conditions (NTRw-r), respectively. The determination of aggregate-size stability distribution involves the assumptions that soil aggregates can be categorized in terms of their size and water stability (slaking resistance). Experimentally this procedure involves the slaked and capillary-wetted pretreatments; and a subsequent slaking treatment of aggregates >0.250 mm in size. WSMA and NMWD were applied to simulate the breakdown mechanisms of aggregates for studying soil stability based on aggregate resistance to slaking in paddy soil. The results showed that the amount of aggregates-size was greatly observed in the fraction of 2~6.72 mm under ridge culture in paddy soil (more than 50%) under slaking and capillary-wetting pretreatment. The proportion of soil macro-aggregates (>0.25 mm) in conservation tillage was greatly higher than that in conventional tillage under subsequent slaking treatment. Minimal differences of aggregate stability between slaking and wetting were observed, while significant differences were found between ridge culture and plain culture. The aggregates stability under slaking treatment ranked in the order of NTR-r>NTRw-r>NTR-f>PUR-r, while under wetting was NTRw-r>NTR-r>NTR-f>PUR-r, respectively. There was a positive correlation between the aggregates stability and SOC concentrations under wetting, and low correlation was observed under slaking pretreatment. Soil exposure with tillage and lack of rice/rape-seed stubble inputs caused declines in aggregation and organic carbon, both of which make soil susceptible to water erosion. Adoption of ridge culture with no-tillage integrated with crop rotation and stubble mulch significantly alter soil organic concentration, suggesting it was a valuable conservation practice for soil aggregation and soil organic carbon sequestration on paddy soil

Comparação entre métodos para o estudo da estabilidade de agregados em solos Comparison of methods for aggregate stability studies in soils

A estabilidade de agregados constitui-se em importante parâmetro na avaliação do efeito de manejo na agregação de solos. Entretanto, os resultados obtidos pelos diferentes métodos são, às vezes, contrastantes, e alguns desses métodos não permitem a definição do nível de energia envolvido na análise. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, comparar diferentes métodos para determinação da estabilidade de agregados em solos. Agregados de horizontes A e B de Latossolo Roxo (LR) e Terra Roxa Estruturada (TR) foram submetidos a peneiramento úmido, três testes de impacto de gotas, e sonificação a oito níveis de energia ultra-sônica; o primeiro foi comparado aos últimos, que permitem a quantificação da energia aplicada. De modo geral, o LR apresentou agregados mais estáveis do que a TR; a resistência dos agregados a altos níveis de energia ultra-sônica foi relacionada a teores de matéria orgânica, óxidos de ferro e gibbsita. Os resultados de diâmetro médio ponderado e porcentagem de agregados maiores que 2 mm foram semelhantes nos horizontes A de ambos os solos. O impacto de gotas causou maior desagregação no material de horizonte B do LR, enquanto o material de horizonte B da TR foi mais afetado pelo peneiramento úmido. O nível de 15,88 J mL-1 se apresentou, na sonificação, como mais sensível para detectar diferenças entre solos estudados.<br>Aggregate stability is an important parameter to express the effect of management on soil aggregation. However, the results from different methods are sometimes contrasting. Some of them do not express the aggregate stability in terms of level of energy needed for aggregate disruption. The objective of this study was to compare methods for determining soil aggregate stability. Aggregates of Dusky-Red Latossol (DRL) and a Structured Dusky-Red Earth (SDR) were submitted to wet sieving (WS), three water drop tests, and eight levels of sonication energy. Correlation was obtained between the wet sieving and the two other methods. The DRL samples had more stable aggregates than did SDR samples. The resistance to sonication was related to amount of organic matter, Fe oxides and gibbsite. The results of weighted mean diameter and amount of aggregates larger than 2 mm were the same for the A horizons of both soils. Water dropping caused more disruption on DRL B than on SDR B-horizon material which was more affected by the wet sieving method. The level of 15.88 J mL-1 allowed to detect more differences between the soils