24 research outputs found
Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly
Fast ion redistribution in helical tokamak equilibrium states and RMP from PIC full-f calculations
NBI fast ion confinement in the helical core of MAST hybrid-like plasmas
Energetic ions are found to be transported strongly from the core of MAST hybrid-like plasmas during long-lived mode (LLM)
magnetohydrodynamic activity. The resulting impact on the neutral beam ion deposition and concurrent current drive is
modelled using the guiding-centre approximation in the internal kinked magnetic topology. General coordinate guiding-centre
equations are extended for this purpose. It is found that the kinked core spirals around the position of strongest ionization, which
remains geometrically centred, so that a large fraction of the population is deposited in the high shear external region where the
plasma is almost axisymmetric. Those particles ionized in the low shear region exhibit exotic drift motion due to the strongly
non-axisymmetric equilibrium, periodically passing near the magnetic axis and then reflected by the boundary of the kinked
equilibrium, which in this respect acts as a confining pinch. Broad agreement is found against experimental measurement of
fast ion particle confinement degradation as the MAST LLM amplitude varies
Planetary Coordinate Reference Systems for OGC Web Services
International audiencePlanetary GIS requires coordinate reference systems. Efforts towards standardization are needed for OGC Web services. We introduce a possible approach
Planetary Coordinate Reference Systems for OGC Web Services
International audiencePlanetary GIS requires coordinate reference systems. Efforts towards standardization are needed for OGC Web services. We introduce a possible approach