ENERGETIC AUDIT OF BOILER ROOM AND HEAT SUPPLY SYSTEM USING INSTRUMENTAL EXAMINATION

To obtain real performance indicators of fuel consuming equipment was held instrumental audit. Were developed measures focused on energy saving of studied object.С целью определения фактических эксплуатационных показателей на работающем топливопотребляющем оборудовании был проведён инструментальный аудит. Разработаны мероприятия, направленные на энергосбережение объекта исследования

Metrics of rhamnogalacturonan I with β-(1→4)-linked galactan side chains and structural basis for its self-aggregation

© 2016 Elsevier LtdWithin the family of plant cell wall polysaccharides rhamnogalacturonans I are the most diverse and structurally complex members. In present study we characterize the 3-dimensional structures and dynamic features of the constituents of RG-I along MD trajectories. It is demonstrated that extended threefold helical structure of the rhamnogalacturonan linear backbone is the most energetically favorable motif. Branching helps to stabilize a conformer of the backbone twisted along 1→2 glycosidic linkage triggering the orientation of long side chains without altering the extended overall backbone chain conformation. Formation of anti-parallel pairing of the β-galactan side chains allows us to suggest a novel mode of non-covalent cross-linking in pectins. Studied structural elements are organized to report the first attempt to characterize 3D structure of RG-I focusing on the special case of flax tertiary cell wall and elucidate the structural basis underlying the formation of RG-I self-associates and functional role of RG-I in planta

Cell wall components in torrefied softwood and hardwood samples

© 2015 Elsevier B.V. Torrefaction - the process of soft pyrolysis (200-300. °S(cyrillic)) in inert atmosphere - is considered to promote the usage of lignocellulosic biomass in various technologies. The initial raw material is not uniform in composition and we compared the effect of torrefaction on the samples of hardwood (birch) and softwood (pine). The major differences between the torrefied samples were observed between 225 and 250. °S(cyrillic) and were largely connected with different behavior of hemicelluloses. Monosaccharide analysis revealed the decrease in detectable xylose from 26% to 1% (250. °S(cyrillic)) of the raw sample in birch, and from 11% to 1%-in pine. Mannans were more resistant to degradation. Comparison of data from HPAEC, thermal analysis and IR-spectroscopy revealed that hemicelluloses are modified during torrefaction at 225-250. °S(cyrillic), rather than fully degraded and removed from the sample. This may lead to considerable modification of wood properties, more pronounced in hardwoods. The relative content of aromatic structures went up during torrefaction, part of the effect was due to condensation of modified carbohydrate units. Index of cellulose crystallinity increased in torrefied samples. The content of cellulose in birch samples remained the same as in raw sample up to 250. °S(cyrillic), while in pine it dramatically decreased after the torrefaction at 250. °S(cyrillic). Torrefaction at 300. °S(cyrillic) made the samples of hardwood and softwood very much alike. The perspectives of usage of hardwoods and softwoods torrefied at different temperatures are discussed

Gelation of rhamnogalacturonan I is based on galactan side chain interaction and does not involve chemical modifications

© 2017 Elsevier LtdThe article presents the structural principles of microwave-induced formation of new gel type from pectic rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I). The backbone of gel-forming RG-I does not contain consecutive galacturonic residues and modifying groups that can be the cause of junction zone formation as it occurs in course of classical ways of pectin gelation. Microwave irradiation does not cause destruction and chemical modifications of RG-I. Removal of half of galactan chains from RG-I leads to loss of gelling capability pointing out on their leading role in this process. Rising of intensity of the bands attributed to galactose and glycosidic linkages in RG-I gel comparing to solution where this polymer exists as molecule associate indicates that the spatial organization of galactans in gel is changed. A model of the RG-I gelation is proposed: being destabilized at volumetric microwave heating RG-I associates are repacked forming network where RG-I molecules are entangled by galactan chains

Immunometabolic changes in macrophages in response to house dust mite extract

To date, much remains unclear about the pathogenesis of asthma, one of the most common chronic and highly heterogenic diseases of the respiratory system. The lack of specific and highly effective therapy in case of certain asthma subtypes requires the search for new approaches to treatment. One possible approach would be to influence the metabolism and immune functions of myeloid cells. This approach finds its application in the treatment of cancer and other diseases in the pathogenesis of which macrophages play an important role. It was shown that the pathogenesis of allergic asthma in response to one of the most common allergens, house dust mite, is due to a metabolic TNF-mediated reprogramming of alveolar macrophages. This suggests that influencing the process of TNF production or metabolic adaptations with specific blockers may also lead to a reduction in the symptoms of the course of the disease as a whole. In this work, we experimentally tested whether the previously obtained phenotype that occurs in macrophages in response to HDM cultured in DMEM is preserved if cells are cultured under more physiologically relevant conditions: in a medium closely related in composition to blood plasma. We also analyzed open databases of alveolar macrophages sequencing obtained from patients with asthma or from the lungs of mice in an HDM-induced asthma model in order to correlate specific immunometabolic changes. It was found that macrophages cultured under conditions close to physiological, simultaneously increase the rates of respiration and glycolysis, and also produce TNF in response to HDM. The observed phenotype is consistent with transcriptomic analyzes performed on human and mouse samples, which revealed an increase in the expression of genes related to glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and the TNF signaling pathway. Thus, the data confirm the relevance of the phenotype obtained in vitro to the changes occurring in the in vivo system. However, functional verification at the level of metabolites, proteins and changes in metabolic activity is also required. In addition, it remains to be established how the blocking of individual metabolic pathways affects the features of the functional macrophage phenotype that occurs in response to HDM, and whether this effect can alleviate asthma symptoms

Subjective assessment of time intervals as a characteristic of the emotional stability in pediatricians of different profiles

The article outlines the results of an empirical study of acoustic and visual orientation in the time of pediatricians of different profiles as a characteristic of their emotional stability. It is shown that the individual's perception of time intervals (within 1 minute), being one of the most important functions of the brain, plays an important role in the level of adaptive potential and stress resistance of the individual in professional activitiesВ статье изложены результаты эмпирического исследования слуховой и зрительной ориентации во времени врачей-педиатров разного профиля как характеристика их эмоциональной устойчивости. Показано, что восприятия индивидом временных интервалов (в пределах 1 минуты), являясь одной из важнейших функций мозга, играет важную роль в уровне адаптационного потенциала и стрессоустойчивости личности в профессиональной деятельност

Cellular fatty acid composition of Aeromonas genus – destructor of aromatic xenobiotics

The aim of this study was a determination of the fatty acid composition of cellular lipids and identification of the strains, isolated from the wastewater of pharmaceutical production, – the destructor of aromatic xenobiotics. The phenotypic characteristics and cellular fatty acid (FA) composition confirmed the strain belonging to the Aeromonas ichthiosmia with the similarity index of library data MIDI Sherlock – 0.564. Analysis of the cellular FA composition of the strain Aeromonas ichthiosmia ONU552 was carried out using the MIDI Sherlock microorganism identification system based on the gas chromatograph Agilent 7890. Chromatographic analysis showed that the fatty acid profile of the strain Aeromonas ichthiosmia ONU552 contains 26 fatty acids with the total number of carbon atoms from 10 to 18. 85.27% of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids had unbranched structure. The total content of unsaturated fatty acids – 16:1 w7c/16:1 w6c, 18:1 w7c, 16:1 w7c alcohol, 17:1 w8c, 17:1 w6c, 16:1 w5c, was 50% of the total fatty acid pool. Less than 1.5% branched fatty acids were predominantly in the iso form: 13:0 iso (0.20%); 15:0 iso (0.97%); 17:1 iso w9c (1.35%), 17:0 iso (1.49%); in the anteiso form, only one acid 17:0 (0.27%) was identified. It was shown that the characteris­tic of the fatty acid composition of the strain Aeromonas ichthiosmia ONU552 – the destructor of aromatic xenobio­tics, was the presence of hydroxyacids 12:0 3OH, 15:0 3OH, 15:0 iso 3OH and dominance of hexadecanoic (16:0) and hexadecenoic (16:1 w7c/16:1 w6c) of fatty acids

Pathogen-induced conditioning of the primary xylem vessels – a prerequisite for the formation of bacterial emboli by Pectobacterium atrosepticum

© 2016 German Botanical Society and The Royal Botanical Society of the NetherlandsRepresentatives of Pectobacterium genus are some of the most harmful phytopathogens in the world. In the present study, we have elucidated novel aspects of plant–Pectobacterium atrosepticum interactions. This bacterium was recently demonstrated to form specific ‘multicellular’ structures – bacterial emboli in the xylem vessels of infected plants. In our work, we showed that the process of formation of these structures includes the pathogen-induced reactions of the plant. The colonisation of the plant by P. atrosepticum is coupled with the release of a pectic polysaccharide, rhamnogalacturonan I, into the vessel lumen from the plant cell wall. This polysaccharide gives rise to a gel that serves as a matrix for bacterial emboli. P. atrosepticum-caused infection involves an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the vessels, creating the conditions for the scission of polysaccharides and modification of plant cell wall composition. Both the release of rhamnogalacturonan I and the increase in ROS precede colonisation of the vessels by bacteria and occur only in the primary xylem vessels, the same as the subsequent formation of bacterial emboli. Since the appearance of rhamnogalacturonan I and increase in ROS levels do not hamper the bacterial cells and form a basis for the assembly of bacterial emboli, these reactions may be regarded as part of the susceptible response of the plant. Bacterial emboli thus represent the products of host–pathogen integration, since the formation of these structures requires the action of both partners