New aspects and strategies for methane mitigation from ruminants.

The growing demand for sustainable animal production is compelling researchers to explore the potential approaches to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from livestock that are mainly produced by enteric fermentation. Some potential solutions, for instance, the use of chemical inhibitors to reduce methanogenesis, are not feasible in routine use due to their toxicity to ruminants, inhibition of efficient rumen function or other transitory effects. Strategies, such as use of plant secondary metabolites and dietary manipulations have emerged to reduce the methane emission, but these still require extensive research before these can be recommended and deployed in the livestock industry sector. Furthermore, immunization vaccines for methanogens and phages are also under investigation for mitigation of enteric methanogenesis. The increasing knowledge of methanogenic diversity in rumen, DNA sequencing technologies and bioinformatics have paved the way for chemogenomic strategies by targeting methane producers. Chemogenomics will help in finding target enzymes and proteins, which will further assist in the screening of natural as well chemical inhibitors. The construction of a methanogenic gene catalogue through these approaches is an attainable objective. This will lead to understand the microbiome function, its relation with the host and feeds, and therefore, will form the basis of practically viable and eco-friendly methane mitigation approaches, while improving the ruminant productivity

<em>In Vitro </em> Efficacy of Biosynthesized AgNPs against <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> causing Dental Plaque Formation

225-228Nanoparticles have been suggested as useful antibacterial and anti-plaque solutions for patients with dental caries. The purpose of this study was to compare the antimicrobial and antiplaque effects of silver nanoparticles synthesized by using Viola serpens plant. Furthermore, oral cavities are inhabited by both commensal and pathogenic bacterial species. In some conditions bacteria belonging to the indigenous or resident oral microorganisms can lead to infectious dental diseases. The total 40 samples were collected analyzed for the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) in dental plaque. Total recovered isolates were 32 out of which 18 S. mutans were isolated, and the prevalence of recovered isolates was found to be 45%. In the present investigation, the evaluation of efficacy of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles against recovered isolates was performed using agar well diffusion method and were found to be moderately effective against the three strains of S. mutans in comparison to reference drug