DESIGN OF AN EFFICIENT REVERSIBLE LOGIC BASED BIDIRECTIONAL BARREL SHIFTER

Embedded digital signal processors and general purpose processors will use barrel shifters to manipulate data. This paper will present the design of the barrel shifter that performs logical shift right, arithmetic shift right, rotate right, logical shift left, arithmetic shift left, and rotate left operations. The main objective of the upcoming designs is to increase the performance without proportional increase in power consumption. In this regard reversible logic has become most popular technology in the field of low power computing, optical computing, quantum computing and other computing technologies. Rotating and data shifting are required in many operations such as logical and arithmetic operations, indexing and address decoding etc. Hence barrel shifters which can shift and rotate multiple bits in a single cycle have become a common choice of design for high speed applications. The design has been done using reversible fredkin and feynman gates. In the design the 2:1 mux can be implemented by fredkin gate which reduce quantum cost, number of ancilla bits and number of garbage outputs. The feynman gate will remove the fanout. By comparing the quantum cost, number of ancilla bits and number of garbage outputs the design is evaluated

Ferromagnetic Behavior in Zinc Ferrite Nanoparticles Synthesized using Coprecipitation Technique

Zinc ferrite have been produced and used by humans since long time, however understanding of ZnFe2O4 as a nano structured materials is very useful in order to be used for technological applications. ZnFe2O4 structural, magnetic and electrical properties are different when synthesized using different techniques. Therefore, it would be interesting to investigate the structural and magnetic properties of ZnFe2O4 when in nanosize. In the present work nanocrystalline ZnFe2O4 was synthesized using coprecipitation technique. The structural and magnetic properties of ZnFe2O4 nanopowders were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The XRD of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles showed the single phase spinel structure. The average particle size of ZnFe2O4 calculated from XRD was observed to be 45 nm. DLS measurements showed the average particle size to be 42 nm. Further, the phase formation of ZnFe2O4 was confirmed from the IR measurements. The IR spectra showed the bands corresponding to ZnFe2O4. We observed the room temperature ferromagnetic behavior in synthesized ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles which may be due to the random distribution of Zn2+ and Fe3+ at the tetrahedral (A) and octahedral [B] sites. In our future work, we want to investigate the defect induced magnetic properties of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles which is likely to contribute for ferromagnetic behavior in this material

EFFECT OF PHYTOESTROGENS ON LIPID PROFILE: MINI REVIEW

Phytoestrogens are structurally similar to its mammalian counterparts and are capable of producing estrogen-like effects and non-steroidal in nature. Their affinity to bind to the estrogen receptors, a class of cytoplasmic proteins, is far less in comparison to the natural estrogen hormones found in humans and other animals or even the synthetically prepared estrogen and, therefore, are far less potent. Even so, the usage of phytoestrogen in either dietary or supplemental form in postmenopausal women is gaining interest, as opposed to the conventional estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), which was so far being used to alleviate the postmenopausal symptoms and believed, with little experimental/clinical evidence, to cause a significant reduction in the threat of coronary heart diseases (CHD). This usage of phytoestrogen follows from the fact that the overall health risks exerted by ERT outweigh the benefits, and to a little extent, the perception that synthetically prepared, so-called prescription estrogen†interferes with what is otherwise a natural process. It is crucial to explore the alternatives that mimic the beneficial effects of ERT, especially with regard to the minimization of the risk of developing CHD and further evaluation of the aforementioned risks in terms of lipid profiling while simultaneously keeping the health risks to a minimum. This review discusses the scope of use of phytoestrogen specifically pertaining to lipid profiling, their possible health benefits, and adverse effects if any. Keywords: Phytoestrogens, Postmenopause, Lipid profile, Isoflavones

A study of surgical management of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus by posteromedial soft tissue release

Background: Idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus is a complex deformity that is difficult to correct. The treatment of club foot is controversial and continues to be one of the biggest challenges in paediatric orthopaedics. Most orthopaedicians agree that the initial treatment should be non-surgical but if it fails, advise surgical treatment in the form soft tissue release for better results. The study was done with the aim to study a short term follow up of 14 patients treated to assess the efficacy of the treatment modality.Methods: 14 patients underwent the posteromedial soft tissue release (PMSTR) at Department of Orthopaedics, S. V. S. Medical College during the period from October 2013 to September 2015. Patients were followed up regularly up to one and half year. Severity of foot deformities were graded according to Denis-Brown classification.Results: Out of 14 cases there were 10 males (71.4%) and 4 females (28.6%) for the sex ratio of 2.5:1 male to female. The youngest child was 6 months old and oldest child was 3 years old. In bilateral cases both feet were operated at an interval of 7 to 10 days. Good results were seen in 15 feet (71%), fair: in 04 feet (19%) and poor: in 02 feet (10%).Conclusions: The PMSTR method is a safe and cost-effective treatment for congenital idiopathic clubfoot and radically decreases the need for extensive corrective surgery. Non-compliance with orthotics after surgery and surgery at late age are causes for failure of technique

Size Induced Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nanostructured Cobalt Ferrites Synthesized by Co-precipitation Technique

Cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4), a well-known hard magnetic material high frequency applications and high-density recording media. Due to their good chemical and thermal stability, high permeability, high electrical resistivity, high saturation magnetization and coercivity etc. they found wide technological applications. Size dependent properties of CoFe2O4 include catalytic properties, electrochemical properties, magnetic properties and optical properties. Thermally induced changes in nanocrystalline CoFe2O4spinel ferrites were synthesized by co-precipitation technique. Unlike other techniques, co-precipitation is reported to be the most economical and successful technique for synthesizing ultrafine CoFe2O4powders having narrow particle size distribution. Their structural and magnetic properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements. The average crystallite size of CoFe2O4was observed to increase from 23 to 65 nm as the annealing temperature was increased from 300 to 900°C. The lattice parameters were observed to increase due to increase in the crystallite size. The activation energy (E) of nanostructured CoFe2O4 was observed to be 11.6 kJ/mol. The annealing temperature has a prominent effect on the nanocrystallite growth. The saturation magnetization, coercivity and remanence were observed to increase with increasing crystalite size. In our future work, we plan to synthesize nanocrystalline CoFe2O4 using different techniques in order to understand the role of synthesis techniques on the structural and magnetic properties

A Suggestive Diagnostic Technique For Early Identification Of Acyanotic Heart Disorders From Infant’s Cry

Congenital Heart Defects (CHD) are the critical heart disorders that can be observed at the birth stage of the infants. These are classified mainly into two, Cyanotic and Acyanotic. The present paper concentrates on the Acyanotic heart disorders. Acyanotic heart disorder cannot be observed on external checkup, whereas bluish skin is the indication for the infant affected with Cyanotic disorder. Acyanotic heart disorder can only be diagnosed using chest X-Ray, ECG, Echocardiogram, Cardiac Catheterization and MRI of the Heart. The present work aims at estimating the fundamental frequency (pitch) and the vocal tract resonant frequencies (formants) from the cry signal of the infants. The pitch frequency and formant frequencies are estimated using frequency domain (Cepstrum) and Linear Prediction Code (LPC) methods. The results show that the fundamental frequency of the cry signal was between 600Hz-800Hz for the infants with Acyanotic heart disorders. This fundamental frequency helps in identifying Acyanotic heart disorders at an early stage

Beneficial Role of Hydro-alcoholic Seed Extract of Trigonella foenum graecum on Bone Structure and Strength in Menopause Induced Osteopenia

BACKGROUND: The current strategies to prevent and treat menopausal osteoporosis are hormone replacement therapy (HRT). However, the long-term use of hormone replacement therapy is limited due to its side-effects. Alternately, use of phytoestrogens has been implicated. Trigonella foenum graecum (TFG) seeds are rich in phytoestrogen and known traditional medicine to treat menopause induced hyperlipidemia. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the role of dietary TFG seed extract on bone structure and mechanical properties in ovariectomized rats.METHODS: Twenty four female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups; 1) control, 2) ovariectomized, 3) ovariectomized + TFG seed extract and 4) ovariectomized + 17β-estradiol. TFG seed extract/17β-estradiol was administered for 30 days, 14 days after ovariectomy. After the treatment, right femora were collected to measure the length and biomechanical properties, and left femora were gathered to study the micro architectural changes while tibia were collected to measure the dry weight.RESULTS: Maximum flexor load to break femur bone was significantly low in ovariectomized rats in comparison with control rats (P<0.05). Supplementation with TFG significantly improved the maximum flexor load (P<0.05) and tibia dry weight (P<0.01) compared to ovariectomized untreated rats. TFG administration also significantly preserved the trabecular (P<0.01) and cortical bone (P<0.05) thickness compared to ovariectomized rats.CONCLUSION: This study found that dietary intake of TFG seeds can improve the bone structure and biomechanical properties in ovariectomized rats indicating that TFG may be an alternative treatment strategy to prevent the menopause induced osteopenia.

Effect of Particle Size on the Structural and Magnetic Properties of Nanocrystalline Zinc Ferrite

ZnFe2O4 is one of the most important technological material having applications in radio engineering, radio technology, semiconductors, bio-medical applications etc. ZnFe2O4 when in bulk form shows paramagnetic behavior at room temperature. When ZnFe2O4 is synthesized by some techniques it was possible to see the ferromagnetic behavior. Also, ZnFe2O4 in nanocrystalline form exhibit different magnetic properties. Therefore in the present work we intend to present the properties of particle size behavior of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles. ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by oxalic acid based precursor method. The obtained ZnFe2O4 nano powders were thermally annealed from 300 to 600 °C. The structural and magnetic characterization were measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), IR measurements and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD patterns clearly showed the formation of zinc ferrite. The particle size was observed to increase from 19 to 35 nm with increasing annealing temperature. The lattice constants were observed to decrease with increasing particle size. The nanoparticles size were confirmed using SEM measurements. IR measurements were carried to confirm the phase formation of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles. The Infrared spectra showed the characteristic features of vibrational bands corresponding to spinel ferrite. Room temperature ferromagnetic properties were observed for zinc ferrite having particle sizes 19 and 21 nm. For the particle size 29 and 35 nm it showed paramagnetic nature. The magnetic properties of zinc ferrite nanoparticles were observed to be dependent on the particle size.Keywords: Nanoferrites Zn ferrite Structural properties Magnetic propertie