Magnetism, entropy, and the first nano-machines

The efficiency of bio-molecular motors stems from reversible interactions $\sim$ $k_B T$; weak bonds stabilizing intermediate states (enabling $direct$ conversion of chemical into mechanical energy). For their (unknown) origins, we suggest that a magnetically structured phase (MSP) formed via accretion of super-paramagnetic particles (S-PPs) by magnetic rocks on the Hadean Ocean floor had hosted motor-like diffusion of ligand-bound S-PPs through its template-layers; its ramifications range from optical activity to quantum coherence. A gentle flux gradient offers both detailed-balance breaking non-equilibrium and $asymmetry$ to a magnetic dipole, undergoing infinitesimal spin-alignment changes. Periodic perturbation of this background by local H-fields of template-partners can lead to periodic high and low-template affinity states, due to the dipole's magnetic degree of freedom. An accompanying magnetocaloric effect allows interchange between system-entropy and bath temperature. We speculate on a magnetic reproducer in a setting close to the mound-scenario of Russell and coworkers that could evolve bio- ratchets.Comment: 17 pages, 1 figur

Older linear till middle danube tumulus culture pottery—Western Slovakia sites: Results of the raw materials and production technology comparative study

In the paper we present results of multi-analytical study of pottery fragments archaeologically ranked from the Older Linear till the Middle Danube Tumulus Cultures, e.g. originated in the time-span of approximately 4700 years. In the studied set of pottery fragments we didn’t observed substantial differences of the raw materials used and temperatures of firing/annealing comparing studied set through the whole mentioned time-span didn’t surpass 650 °C in any of artefacts studied. The most realistic is to rank temperatures of firing/annealing close to the 600 °C. Oxidizing/reducing conditions during firing/annealing changed. Above statemets are based on the application of the following laboratory methods: stereoscopic observation of natural splitting planes, thin sections studies under polarizing microscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction studies, organic matter determination (its quantity as well as quality) and the archaeopal aeomagnetic study