Modelo de gesti?n de la innovaci?n para los gobiernos locales del Per?

En los ?ltimos a?os, en Europa y Estados unidos, numerosas iniciativas han instaurado una cultura de innovaci?n en la gesti?n de los gobiernos locales, promovida al interior de los municipios y apoyada por el Gobierno nacional. En Am?rica Latina, han surgido experiencias similares menos conocidas, especialmente en Chile, M?xico y Argentina. Sin embargo, a?n no se ha realizado una sistematizaci?n acad?mica y operativa de estas experiencias que sirva para promover su replicabilidad. En este contexto, esta investigaci?n propone un modelo de gesti?n de la innovaci?n para los gobiernos locales del Per?. Permite identificar los elementos que interact?an y caracterizan la propuesta innovadora desde que interviene el gobierno local para atender las necesidades y los problemas locales hasta el desarrollo y la sostenibilidad de la propuesta innovadora, al reconocer aquellos factores que determinan el ?xito de la gesti?n. El libro est? dividido en cinco cap?tulos independientes pero articulados entre s? en torno al objetivo precisado. El cap?tulo 1 informa sobre la metodolog?a utilizada para analizar la informaci?n y el dise?o del modelo planteado. El cap?tulo 2 presenta la definici?n y las categor?as de innovaci?n en los gobiernos locales, desarrolla el concepto de innovaci?n y su relaci?n con otros temas, como el enfoque de Nueva Gesti?n P?blica y su papel dentro de los gobiernos locales. El cap?tulo 3 describe casos exitosos de innovaciones en gobiernos locales de Asia, Europa y Am?rica, lo que incluye proyectos, actores e impacto. El pen?ltimo cap?tulo analiza la experiencia de innovaci?n en gobiernos locales del Per?, sobre la base del estudio detallado de cuatro casos representativos. El ?ltimo cap?tulo desarrolla un modelo de gesti?n de la innovaci?n que incluye todos los elementos que lo componen, los pilares que lo sustentan y los pasos que permiten gestionar su implementaci?n y garantizar su sostenibilidad. Finalmente, se formulan conclusiones y recomendaciones que permitir?n a los gobiernos locales contar con pautas y lineamientos para un desarrollo exitoso de un modelo de gesti?n sostenible

Longitudinal Correlates of Depressive Symptoms and Positive and Negative Affects in Family Caregivers of People With Dementia.

ObjectiveCaring for a relative with dementia is considered a chronically stressful role associated with negative consequences for psychological health such as higher levels of depression. However, the subjective experience of depressive symptomatology is complex as it relates to two unique domains: positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). The objective of this study was to analyze, through a longitudinal design, the associations of caregivers' cognitive (avoidance coping, personal mastery, and coping self-efficacy) and behavioral (frequency of pleasant events) coping strategies with depressive symptoms, PA, and NA.MethodsA total of 111 caregivers of a spouse with dementia participated in this study. They were assessed yearly across 5 years. Mixed model regression analyses were conducted separately for depressive symptoms, PA, and NA, analyzing within and between-person associations of caregivers' age, gender, role overload, sleep quality, and coping variables previously mentioned.ResultsThe results showed that different coping strategies were associated with different components of depressive symptomatology. While avoidant coping was associated with NA and depressive symptoms but not PA at both within- and between-person levels, frequency of pleasant events was associated only with NA and depressive symptoms at the within-person level, showing no effect at the between-person level. Personal mastery and coping self-efficacy were found to be more transversal variables, being associated with most of the mood outcomes in both within and between-person effects.ConclusionFindings support the concept of depressive mood as a complex construct and highlights the importance of analyzing different coping strategies when trying to comprehend the caregiving stress process

Longitudinal Correlates of Depressive Symptoms and Positive and Negative Affects in Family Caregivers of People With Dementia.

ObjectiveCaring for a relative with dementia is considered a chronically stressful role associated with negative consequences for psychological health such as higher levels of depression. However, the subjective experience of depressive symptomatology is complex as it relates to two unique domains: positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA). The objective of this study was to analyze, through a longitudinal design, the associations of caregivers' cognitive (avoidance coping, personal mastery, and coping self-efficacy) and behavioral (frequency of pleasant events) coping strategies with depressive symptoms, PA, and NA.MethodsA total of 111 caregivers of a spouse with dementia participated in this study. They were assessed yearly across 5 years. Mixed model regression analyses were conducted separately for depressive symptoms, PA, and NA, analyzing within and between-person associations of caregivers' age, gender, role overload, sleep quality, and coping variables previously mentioned.ResultsThe results showed that different coping strategies were associated with different components of depressive symptomatology. While avoidant coping was associated with NA and depressive symptoms but not PA at both within- and between-person levels, frequency of pleasant events was associated only with NA and depressive symptoms at the within-person level, showing no effect at the between-person level. Personal mastery and coping self-efficacy were found to be more transversal variables, being associated with most of the mood outcomes in both within and between-person effects.ConclusionFindings support the concept of depressive mood as a complex construct and highlights the importance of analyzing different coping strategies when trying to comprehend the caregiving stress process

Stress and Blood Pressure in Dementia Caregivers: The Moderator Role of Mindfulness

OBJECTIVE: Dementia caregiving has been described as a chronically stressful situation with adverse cardiovascular effects. Psychological resources such as mindfulness may reduce the impact of stress on caregivers' cardiovascular health. The objective of this study was to analyze the moderating effect of trait mindfulness on the relationship between frequency of disruptive behaviors of the care recipient and blood pressure (BP) in dementia caregivers. METHOD: Participants were 110 dementia family caregivers. Two hierarchical regressions (for systolic and diastolic BP) were conducted to analyze whether mindfulness moderates the relationship between disruptive behaviors and BP after controlling for known predictors of cardiovascular outcomes. RESULTS: A significant moderator effect of mindfulness was found between the frequency of disruptive behaviors and diastolic BP (β = -.195, p < .05). Among those caregivers reporting low levels of mindfulness, the relationship between frequency of disruptive behaviors and diastolic BP was relatively stronger than among those reporting high mindfulness levels. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a high level of trait mindfulness may have protective effect on BP when caregivers face high levels of stress. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Mindfulness seems to be an important variable with potential for buffering the effects of caregiving stressors on caregivers' blood pressure

An integrated model of psychosocial correlates of insomnia severity in family caregivers of people with dementia

Objectives: Research has shown the relevance of stress and coping factors in explaining caregivers’ insomnia symptoms. However, few attempts have been made to empirically test an integrative model for insomnia severity in family caregivers of people with dementia. The aim of this study was to test such a model, in which insomnia severity is proposed to be influenced by predisposing factors, precipitated by stressors, and perpetuated by behaviors to cope with these stressors. Methods: 311 family caregivers of people with dementia were assessed for variables categorized as predisposing (e.g. female gender), precipitating (e.g. care-recipient’s behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia [BPSD]), and perpetuating factors (e.g. sleep aids). A theoretical model was developed and then statistically tested using structural equation modelling, analyzing the direct and indirect effects of the assessed variables on caregivers’ insomnia severity. Results: Distress, sleep aids, and experiential avoidance showed a direct association with insomnia severity. Female gender, younger age, cognitive fusion, leisure activities, dysfunctional thoughts, frequency and distress caused by care-recipient’s BPSD showed indirect associations with insomnia severity. The model explained 22% of the variance of caregivers’ insomnia severity. Conclusion: The results provide additional empirical support for the importance of predisposing, precipitating and perpetuating factors associated with caregivers’ insomnia severity. The integrative model we propose may also be useful for developing interventions targeting insomnia symptoms in family dementia caregivers