Review of battery electric vehicle propulsion systems incorporating flywheel energy storage

The development of battery electric vehicles (BEV) must continue since this can lead us towards a zero emission transport system. There has been an advent of the production BEVs in recent years; however their low range and high cost still remain the two important drawbacks. The battery is the element which strongly affects the cost and range of the BEV. The batteries offer either high specific power or high specific energy but not both. To provide the BEVs with the characteristic to compete with conventional vehicles it is beneficial to hybridize the energy storage combining a high energy battery with a high power source. This shields the battery from peak currents and improves its capacity and life. There are various devices which could qualify as a secondary storage system for the BEV such as high power battery, supercapacitor and high speed flywheel (FW). This paper aims to review a specific type of hybridisation of energy storage which combines batteries and high speed flywheels. The flywheel has been used as a secondary energy system in BEVs from the early 1970s when the oil crises triggered an interest in BEVs. Since the last decade the interest in flywheels has strengthened and their application in the kinetic energy recovery system (KERS) in Formula 1 has further bolstered the case for flywheels. With a number of automotive manufacturers getting involved in developing flywheels for road applications, the authors believe commercial flywheel based powertrains are likely to be seen in the near future. It is hence timely to produce a review of research and development in the area of flywheel assisted BEVs

Design of Planetary Plug-in Hybrid Powertrain and Its Control Strategy

This paper presents the new compact hybrid planetary transmission drive (CHPTD) as a solution of plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). The presented CHPTD is more compact and lower costs than other seriesparallel hybrid drives equipped with planetary transmission and two motors. Proper architecture and elements were designed to achieve functions of PHEV. The powertrain and its components were optimized and determined by nonlinear dynamic modeling and simulations. Parameters of powertrain were adjusted and optimized by observation of simulation results. Two basic control strategies were analyzed to achieve minimum energy consumption and suitable operation range of battery state of charge. The very effective operation of the worked out powertrain was proved by tests in different driving conditions regarding city traffic and suburb area. The advantages of planetary transmission which is power summing mechanical unit, was obtained by proper design and control of innovative high energy saving electromagnetic clutch/brake device based on classic dual-diaphragm spring system

Analyse of Clutch-brake System Control Based on Experimental Tests and Applied in Hybrid Power Train

Clutch-brake system is important element in advanced Compact Hybrid Planetary Transmission Drive (CHPTD). The proper designed clutch/brake system equipped with planetary transmission and additional gears could save energy and improve performance of hybrid powertrain, especially during frequent vehicle starting and regenerative braking. This paper dedicate to design of clutch engaging control strategy in ICE starting procedure. The control of each element in CHPTD during ICE starting is described. Different clutch engaging control strategies are proposed and validated on laboratory stand for various conditions. Optimized control strategy for clutch engaging is selected by analysing the simulation and experimental test results

Electromechanical Components and its Energy Saving Design Strategy in PHEV Powertrain

This paper presents advanced Compact Hybrid Planetary Transmission Drive (CHPTD) as a solution for the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Proper architecture and elements were designed to achieve the functions of PHEV. The parameters of powertrain were adjusted and optimized by simulation. Two basic control strategies were selected and analyzed to achieve minimum energy consumption and the proper operation range of battery state of charge (SOC). The very effective operation of the improved powertrain was proved by tests in different driving cycles regarding the traffic both in city and suburb area. The advantage of planetary transmission, which is power summing mechanical unit, was obtained by the proper design and the control of innovative high energy saving electromagnetic clutch-brake device based on classic dual-diaphragm spring system, which also permits to apply multi-speed additional automatic mechanical transmission

Direct Yaw-Moment Control of All-Wheel-Independent-Drive Electric Vehicles with Network-Induced Delays through Parameter-Dependent Fuzzy SMC Approach

This paper investigates the robust direct yaw-moment control (DYC) through parameter-dependent fuzzy sliding mode control (SMC) approach for all-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicles (AWID-EVs) subject to network-induced delays. AWID-EVs have obvious advantages in terms of DYC over the traditional centralized-drive vehicles. However it is one of the most principal issues for AWID-EVs to ensure the robustness of DYC. Furthermore, the network-induced delays would also reduce control performance of DYC and even deteriorate the EV system. To ensure robustness of DYC and deal with network-induced delays, a parameter-dependent fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) method based on the real-time information of vehicle states and delays is proposed in this paper. The results of cosimulations with Simulink® and CarSim® demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. Moreover, the results of comparison with a conventional FSMC controller illustrate the strength of explicitly dealing with network-induced delays

Co-Design Based Lateral Motion Control of All-Wheel-Independent-Drive Electric Vehicles with Network Congestion

All-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicles (AWID-EVs) have considerable advantages in terms of energy optimization, drivability and driving safety due to the remarkable actuation flexibility of electric motors. However, in their current implementations, various real-time data in the vehicle control system are exchanged via a controller area network (CAN), which causes network congestion and network-induced delays. These problems could lead to systemic instability and make the system integration difficult. The goal of this paper is to provide a design methodology that can cope with all these challenges for the lateral motion control of AWID-EVs. Firstly, a continuous-time model of an AWID-EV is derived. Then an expression for determining upper and lower bounds on the delays caused by CAN is presented and with which a discrete-time model of the closed-loop CAN system is derived. An expression on the bandwidth utilization is introduced as well. Thirdly, a co-design based scheme combining a period-dependent linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and a dynamic period scheduler is designed for the resulting model and the stability criterion is also derived. The results of simulations and hard-in-loop (HIL) experiments show that the proposed methodology can effectively guarantee the stability of the vehicle lateral motion control while obviously declining the network congestion

Speed Synchronization Control of Integrated Motor–Transmission Powertrain over CAN through Active Period-Scheduling Approach

This paper deals with the speed synchronization control of integrated motor–transmission (IMT) powertrain systems in pure electric vehicles (EVs) over a controller area network (CAN) subject to both network-induced delays and network congestion. A CAN has advantages over point-to-point communication; however, it imposes network-induced delays and network congestion into the control system, which can deteriorate the shifting quality and make system integration difficult. This paper presents a co-design scheme combining active period scheduling and discrete-time slip mode control (SMC) to deal with both network-induced delays and network congestion of the CAN, which improves the speed synchronization control for high shifting quality and prevents network congestion for the system’s integration. The results of simulations and hardware-in-loop experiments show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme, which can ensure satisfactory speed synchronization performance while significantly reducing the network’s utilization