Water uptake experiments of historic construction materials from Venice by neutron imaging and PGAI methods

We aimed at establishing a multidisciplinary procedure to characterize porous historic construction materials, whose properties (physical and mechanical, as well as chemical composition) can be affected by the presence and action of water content and salt ions. The whole procedure\u2019s objective is to relate qualitative to quantitative information, to get an evaluation of the selected material\u2019s mechanical properties. We developed a neutron-based investigation technique to assess the condition of historic buildings\u2019 construction materials. Neutron radiography and tomography, as well as prompt-gamma activation analysis and imaging were applied to various types of stone blocks (which can be characterized e.g. with different levels of liquid permeability in saturated conditions) to detect the uptake of water and salt ions in porous construction materials of cultural heritage significance. The results enlighten the accurate water intrusion patterns, the evaluation of the water content in unsaturated conditions, the movement of water and salt contents inside the stone samples. The established methodology may find its application niche in the non-destructive assessment of historic and contemporary building construction materials

Structure and reactivity of ceria-zirconia catalysts for bromine and chlorine production via the oxidation of hydrogen halides

The impact of zirconia on the activity and stability of ceria has been investigated in the gas-phase oxidation of HBr and HCl to the corresponding halogens. Homogeneous and non-homogeneous ceria–zirconia catalysts with a Ce:Zr ratio of 75:25 were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, temperature-programmed reduction in hydrogen, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Catalytic tests demonstrated that ZrO₂ promotes the activity of CeO₂ independently of the metal homogeneity in the mixed oxide. Upon cycling of the temperature and feed composition, no differences with respect to chlorine formation were observed. On the other hand, a hysteresis of the reaction rate was measured in HBr oxidation, which was more pronounced over the non-homogeneous mixed oxide due to the higher extent of bromination. A moderate degree of bromination was attained in the homogeneous mixed oxide, leading to an improved long-term stability. The impact of phase homogeneity on the halogenation properties of the catalysts, and thus on the lifetime, was further rationalized by the determination of the halogen uptake by operando prompt-gamma activation analysis. While the chlorine uptake under different reaction conditions was comparable over both materials, the bromine uptake on the non-homogeneous sample was up to 50% higher compared to the homogeneous counterpart. This indicates not only that the catalysts are more prone to bromination than chlorination, but also that their robustness depends on the intermixing of the Ce and Zr phases, suggesting that the mixed oxides are more stable than supported ceria catalysts. The degree of halogenation of the homogeneous ceria–zirconia catalysts can be controlled by tuning their Ce:Zr ratio, minimizing the halogen uptake at a Zr content in the range of 70–90 mol.%