Effect of acute ethanol exposure on cardiac function.

<p>Assessment of (A) load-dependent (dP/dt_max) and (B) load-independent (dP/dt_max-EDV) contractility parameters revealed a significant decline only at 1 h in response to acute ethanol when compared with the control group. Whereas (C) maximal slope of the diastolic pressure decrement (dP/dt_min) 1 h and 6 h after ethanol administration was significantly decreased, (D) end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship (EDPVR) was significantly increased in rats treated with ethanol after 1 h, 6 h and 24 h. Eth indicates ethanol. *p<0.05 versus control.</p

Cardiac hemodynamic parameters.

<p>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; MAP: mean arterial pressure; LVESP: left-ventricular end-systolic pressure; LVEDP: left-ventricular end-diastolic pressure.</p>*<p>p<0.05 versus control;</p>#<p>p<0.05 versus ethanol 1 h.</p

Effect of acute ethanol exposure on myocardial protein expression 24 h after transplantation.

<p>Twenty-four hours after transplantation, densitometric analysis of bands for (A) superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1 showed a significant increase at 6 h and 24 h following ethanol administration, at 6 h for (C) cytochrome-c oxidase (cyto-c oxi), and at 24 h for (D) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 compared with the control group. Moreover, 24 h after transplantation, there was a significant increase in protein expression for (B) glutathione peroxydase (GPx)-4 in the group receiving ethanol 24 h prior to explantation when compared with the control- and 6 h ethanol+24 I/R groups. I/R indicates ischemia/reperfusion, Eth ethanol, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). *p<0.05 versus 24 h I/R group; #p<0.05 versus 6 h Eth+ 24 h I/R group.</p

The sequence for the forward (F) and reverse (R) primers (from 5′ to 3′) and Universal Probe Library (UPL) probes.

<p>Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-4, L-Type calcium-channel (α1c-subunit; Ca_v1.2), sodium-potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase (Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase), sarco(endo)plasmic Ca²⁺-ATPas (SERCA)-2, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS).</p

Effect of acute ethanol exposure on myocardial gene expression.

<p>Quantitative real-time PCR from myocardium RNA extracts revealed that mRNA levels for (A) superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1, (B) glutathione peroxydase (GPx)-4, (C) cytochrome-c oxidase were significantly increased after 24 h and (D) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 following 6 h and 24 h compared with the control group. However, mRNA-levels of (E) L-Type calcium-channel (Ca_v1.2), (F) sarco(endo)plasmic Ca²⁺-ATPase (SERCA)-2 and (G) sodium-potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase (Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase) remained unchanged following ethanol administration compared to the control group. Eth indicates ethanol. *p<0.05 versus control,^#p<0.05 versus ethanol 1 h, ^$p<0.05 versus ethanol 6 h.</p

Effect of ethanol exposure on graft Troponin I expression 1 h and 24 h after heart transplantation.

<p>(<b>A</b>) 1 h and (B) 24 h after transplantation, graft Troponin I expression was significantly increased in the groups receiving ethanol 6 h or 24 h prior to explantation when compared with the control group. I/R indicates ischemia/reperfusion, Eth ethanol *p<0.05 versus I/R groups.</p

Effect of acute ethanol exposure on myocardial protein expression.

<p>Densitometric analysis of bands for (A) superoxide dismutase (SOD)-1 showed a significant increase after 6 h and 24 h ethanol administration, and (B) glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-4, (C) cytochrome-c oxidase (cyto-c oxi) and (D) MMP-9 following 24 h, compared with the control group. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Eth indicates ethanol. *p<0.05 versus control; ^#p<0.05 versus ethanol 1 h, ^$p<0.05 versus ethanol 6 h.</p

Effect of ethanol exposure on graft thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentration 1 h and 24 h after heart transplantation.

<p>One hour and 24 h after transplantation, there was a significant increase in graft TBARS concentration in the group receiving ethanol 24 h prior to explantation when compared with the control- and 6 h ethanol+24 I/R groups. I/R indicates ischemia/reperfusion, Eth ethanol. *p<0.05 versus I/R groups; ^#p<0.05 versus 6 h eth + I/R groups.</p

Effect of acute ethanol exposure on DNA-strand breaks in cardiomyocytes.

<p>Representative photomicrographs of (A) cardiomyocytes stained with cardiac troponin I (green) and nuclei with 4′, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, blue), (B) nuclei with fragmented DNA visualized by TUNEL staining (red), and (C) merged image. Magnification ×400; scale bar: 20 µm. White arrows indicate TUNEL-positive cells (not all are marked) (D) Quantification of TUNEL-positive cells. We found DNA damage in the myocardium of rats treated with ethanol at 24 h. Eth indicates ethanol. *p<0.05 versus control.</p

Effect of acute ethanol exposure on electrocardiographic patterns.

<p>(A) Representative electrocardiogram tracings. Rats treated with ethanol showed a marked (B) ST-segment elevation at 24 h and (C) elongated corrected QT interval at 6 h and 24 h when compared with the control group. Eth indicates ethanol. *p<0.05 versus control; ^#p<0.05 versus ethanol 1 h.</p