Behavioral results.

<p>Mean letter identification and scene recognition performances (% correct) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) in controls and individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).</p>*<p>Significant differences, Scheffé's tests.</p

Correlation between recognition performance for scenes with auditory distractors and re-experiencing symptoms in PTSD. r = 0.41, p<0.05.

<p>Correlation between recognition performance for scenes with auditory distractors and re-experiencing symptoms in PTSD. r = 0.41, p<0.05.</p

Recall performance for target and distractor letters in individuals with PTSD and controls.

<p>Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. The performance was significantly lower for distractors relative to targets (*p<0.001, <i>t</i> test), but the two groups did not differ.</p

Scene recognition performance when stimuli were presented without letters, with distractor letters, and with target letters.

<p>Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) achieved higher recognition performance for scenes with distractors relative to controls (CONT), whereas the opposite was found for scenes with targets. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. * p<0.001, Scheffé's tests.</p

Scene recognition performance when stimuli were presented with baseline, distractor, and target tones.

<p>Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) achieved higher recognition performance for scenes with distractors relative to controls (CONT), whereas the opposite was found for scenes with targets. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals. * p<0.01, Scheffé's tests.</p

Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants.

<p>Data are mean (standard deviation). TLSI - Trauma and Life Events Self-report Inventory (mean number of traumatic and adverse life events), HAM-D - Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, CAPS - Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale,</p>*<p>t(78) = −4.39, p<0.001;</p>**<p>t(78) = −6.10, p<0.001.</p

Illustration of a scene sequence.

<p>Participants were asked to press a key to start the sequence. Out of the 16 scenes presented, two contained white target letters that should be remembered and two contained black distractor letters that should be omitted (in the figure, only eight scenes are shown). Following the sequence, participants were first requested to type the target and distractor letter and then to decide which of two scenes was presented in the sequence (“A” or “B”). In the auditory condition, target and distractor tones were presented instead of letters. ISI – inter-stimulus interval.</p

Mean association learning error ratios by cohort.

<p>Circle: mean; whiskers: ±SD.</p

Mean retrieval error ratios by cohort.

<p>Circle: mean; whiskers: ±SD.</p

Cohort-wise performance by the studied parameters.

<p>Cohort-wise performance by the studied parameters.</p