19 research outputs found

    A Pol V–Mediated Silencing, Independent of RNA–Directed DNA Methylation, Applies to 5S rDNA

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    The plant-specific RNA polymerases Pol IV and Pol V are essential to RNA–directed DNA methylation (RdDM), which also requires activities from RDR2 (RNA–Dependent RNA Polymerase 2), DCL3 (Dicer-Like 3), AGO4 (Argonaute), and DRM2 (Domains Rearranged Methyltransferase 2). RdDM is dedicated to the methylation of target sequences which include transposable elements, regulatory regions of several protein-coding genes, and 5S rRNA–encoding DNA (rDNA) arrays. In this paper, we have studied the expression of the 5S-210 transcript, a marker of silencing release at 5S RNA genes, to show a differential impact of RNA polymerases IV and V on 5S rDNA arrays during early development of the plant. Using a combination of molecular and cytological assays, we show that Pol IV, RDR2, DRM2, and Pol V, actors of the RdDM, are required to maintain a transcriptional silencing of 5S RNA genes at chromosomes 4 and 5. Moreover, we have shown a derepression associated to chromatin decondensation specific to the 5S array from chromosome 4 and restricted to the Pol V–loss of function. In conclusion, our results highlight a new role for Pol V on 5S rDNA, which is RdDM–independent and comes specifically at chromosome 4, in addition to the RdDM pathway

    Evolution des mitochondries pendant l'ovogenese de drosophile : morphologie, distribution, replication et expression du genome

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    SIGLECNRS T Bordereau / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc

    RĂ©gulation de l'expression du facteur de transcription TFIIIA et des gĂšnes d'ARN ribosomiques 5S chez Arabidopsis thaliana

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    Chez Arabidopsis thaliana, les gÚnes d ARNr 5S sont transcrits par l ARN polymérase III qui fait intervenir plusieurs facteurs de transcription dont TFIIIA qui reconnaßt spécifiquement le promoteur interne de ces gÚnes et permet ainsi le recrutement de l ensemble du complexe de transcription. Le gÚne TFIIIA est composé de sept exons dont le troisiÚme, résultant de l exonisation d une molécule d ARNr 5S, est épissé de façon alternative produisant ainsi deux transcrits. Le transcrit ES, qui ne contient pas cet exon, code pour la protéine TFIIIA pleine longueur et fonctionnelle. Le transcrit EI, dans lequel l exon 5S-like est maintenu, est reconnu et dégradé par la voie NMD (Non-Mediated Decay). L exon 5S-like a, en effet, la particularité de contenir un codon stop prémature qui en fait une cible de la voie NMD. Lors de l étude de l expression des transcrits ES et EI ainsi que celle de l accumulation de la protéine TFIIIA au cours du développement, nous avons montré que le taux de la protéine TFIIIA fonctionnelle est soumis à plusieurs niveaux de régulation. En effet, la production de la protéine TFIIIA pleine longueur est le résultat de la synthÚse du transcrit ES et de sa traduction mais également de l efficacité du clivage protéolytique de la protéine. Lors dela maturation de la graine, l accumulation croissante de protéine TFIIIA résulte d une augmentation des quantités de transcrits ES couplée à une diminution du clivage protéolytique. Dans les premiers jours du développement, la protéine TFIIIA n est détectée qu aprÚs le 4Úme jour, suite à la diminution du clivage. Sa présence est corrélée au remodelage de la chromatine de l ADNr 5S. La combinaison de ces deux mécanismes permet ainsi la production de TFIIIA et de son produit de transcription l ARNr 5S en fonction des besoins de la plante.In Arabidopsis thaliana, 5S rRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase III. TFIIIA, specifically required for transcription of these genes, binds to the internal control region of the 5S rRNA genes and allows the assembly of the full transcription complex pol III. The TFIIIA gene consists of seven exons, the third of which results in the exonisation of one 5S rRNA molecule. This exon 5S-like is alternatively skipped or included to produce either of two transcript isoforms. The ES transcript encodes the fully functional TFIIIA protein. The EI transcript, which contains the exon 5S-like , is a target of the NMD pathway (Non-Mediated Decay). Indeed, the exon 5S-like contains a premature stop codon, which is recognized by this RNA decay pathway. During the study of the ES and EI transcripts expression and the TFIIIA protein accumulation throughout the plant development, we show that TFIIIA functional protein levels are under control of many regulation steps. Actually the production of the full-length TFIIIA protein results from production and translation of the ES transcript but also from the proteolytic cleavage efficiency of TFIIIA protein. During the seed maturation, the strong accumulation of TFIIIA results from an increase in ES amounts and a proteolytic cleavage decrease. After the fourth day post-germination, TFIIIA protein is detected because the proteolytic cleavage decreases. TFIIIA presence is correlated with 5S rDNA chromatin reorganization. The combination of these two mechanisms allows TFIIIA production and its transcription product 5S rRNA according to the plants needs.CLERMONT FD-Bib.électronique (631139902) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Etude des régulations génétiques et épigénétiques de l'expression des gÚnes d'ARNr 5S chez Arabidopsis thaliana

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    Chez Arabidopsis thaliana, les gĂšnes d'ARNr5S, transcrits par l'ARN polymĂ©rase III, sont prĂ©sents Ă  environs 1000 copies regroupĂ©es en blocs situĂ©s au niveau de l'hĂ©tĂ©rochromatine pĂ©ricentromĂ©rique des chromosomes 3,4 et 5. Le chromosome 5 porte un locus d'ADNr 5S sur chacun de ses bras. Seuls les loci du chromosome 4 et du bras gauche du chromosome 5 contiennent des gĂšnes d'arn 5S transcrits. La population d'ARNr 5S est hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšne chez Arabidopsis et se caractĂ©rise par la prĂ©sence d'un ARNr 5S dit "majoritaire", reprĂ©sentant plus de 90% des transcrits 5S de la cellule, et d'ARN 5S "minoritaires" diffĂ©rant du transcrit 5S majoritaire par une ou deux substitutions nuclĂ©otidiques. Dans le cadre de l'Ă©tude de la rĂ©gulation gĂ©nĂ©tique de l'expression des gĂšnes d'ARN 5S, nous avons identifiĂ© clonĂ© et caractĂ©risĂ© TFIIIA d'Arabidopsis, qui est le facteur de transcription spĂ©cifique des gĂšnes d'ARNr 5S. Lors de cette Ă©tude, nous avons Ă©galement identifiĂ© un produit d'Ă©pissage alternatif du gĂšne TFIIIA, codant une protĂ©ine plus courte que TFIIIA dans sa partie N-terminale dĂ©nomĂ©e TFIIIAbis. L'analyse de lignĂ©es RNAi ciblant TFIIIAbis et des expĂ©riences de transcription in vitro, ont suggĂ©rĂ© que l'TFIIIAbis aurait un effet positif sur le taux global des ARNr 5S, probablement en stabilisant ces ARN. Nous avons aussi menĂ© une Ă©tude de la rĂ©gulation Ă©pigĂ©nĂ©tique de l'expression des gĂšnes d'ARNr 5S. Ainsi, nous avons dĂ©montrĂ© l'implication de la mĂ©thylation de l'ADN dans la rĂ©pression de la transcription des gĂšnes d'ARNr 5S minoritaires. L'expression de ces gĂšnes est aussi contrĂŽlĂ©e par la voie de rĂ©pression transcriptionnelle indĂ©pendante de la mĂ©thylation ADN dont MOM1 fait partie. Nous avons identifiĂ© un nouveau type de transcrits provenant de gĂšnes d'ARNr 5S, appelĂ©s ARNr 5S-210. De la mĂȘme façon que les ARNr 5S minoritaires, l'expression des ARNr 5S-210 est contrĂŽlĂ©e par la mĂ©thylation de l'ADN et par la voie de rĂ©pression contenant MOM1. Enfin, nous montrons que toutes les sĂ©quences rĂ©pĂ©tĂ©es hĂ©tĂ©rochromatiques, Ă  l'exception des Ă©lĂ©ments transposables, sont soumises Ă  ces deux voies de rĂ©pressionCLERMONT FD-BCIU Sci.et Tech. (630142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Cartographie et caractérisation des gÚnes d'ADNr 5S chez Arabidopsis thaliana: Identification des ARNr 5S matures

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    CLERMONT FD-BCIU Sci.et Tech. (630142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Methylation of a euchromatin-heterochromatin transition region in Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 5 left arm.

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    International audienceCytosine methylation was studied at the level of the euchromatin/heterochromatin transition genomic region of the Arabidopsis chromosome 5 left arm. It has been shown using a monoclonal antibody against 5-methylcytosines that the density of DNA methylation increases from the euchromatin towards the heterochromatin. YACs mapped along this region were characterized for their repeated sequences content. Some of them, corresponding to euchromatin, euchromatin/heterochromatin border and heterochromatin regions, were used as probes for a Southern blot analysis of methylation. This revealed that the degree of mCmCGG and GATmC methylation increases significantly from the euchromatin towards the heterochromatin. Moreover, an analysis of cytosine methylation levels (% of 5-methylcytosine) of different DNA fragments, inside the same genomic region, was performed using PCR and/or Southern blot approaches. There is a gradual increase of methylation along the genomic region analyzed: CpG methylation in the euchromatic fraction, CpG and CpNpG methylation at the euchromatin/heterochromatin transition and an additional asymmetrical methylation in the repeated-heterochromatic fraction. The most methylated repeated family at CpG, CpNpG and asymmetrical sites is the 5S ribosomal DNA, highly methylated even though it is transcribed

    MOM1 mediates DNA-methylation-independent silencing of repetitive sequences in Arabidopsis

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    The heterochromatic regions around centromeres of animal and plant chromosomes are composed of tandem repetitive sequences, interspersed with transposons and transposon derivatives. These sequences are largely transcriptionally silent and highly methylated, and are associated with specifically modified histones. Although embedded in heterochromatin, Arabidopsis 5S ribosomal RNA genes are among the most highly transcribed genes. However, some 5S genes are silenced, and we show here that this silencing can be suppressed by a reduction in CG methylation. Importantly, we show that mutation of MORPHEUS' MOLECULE 1 (MOM1) releases 5S repeat silencing independently of chromatin properties, as illustrated by the absence of detectable alteration of DNA and histone H3 methylation patterns. MOM1 also prevents transcription of 180-bp satellite repeats and 106B dispersed repeats but not of transposons. Our results provide evidence that transcription of densely methylated and highly repetitive heterochromatic sequences is controlled by two distinct epigenetic silencing pathways, one dependent on and the other independent of DNA methylation

    MOM1 mediates DNA-methylation-independent silencing of repetitive sequences in Arabidopsis

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    The heterochromatic regions around centromeres of animal and plant chromosomes are composed of tandem repetitive sequences, interspersed with transposons and transposon derivatives. These sequences are largely transcriptionally silent and highly methylated, and are associated with specifically modified histones. Although embedded in heterochromatin, Arabidopsis 5S ribosomal RNA genes are among the most highly transcribed genes. However, some 5S genes are silenced, and we show here that this silencing can be suppressed by a reduction in CG methylation. Importantly, we show that mutation of MORPHEUS' MOLECULE 1 (MOM1) releases 5S repeat silencing independently of chromatin properties, as illustrated by the absence of detectable alteration of DNA and histone H3 methylation patterns. MOM1 also prevents transcription of 180-bp satellite repeats and 106B dispersed repeats but not of transposons. Our results provide evidence that transcription of densely methylated and highly repetitive heterochromatic sequences is controlled by two distinct epigenetic silencing pathways, one dependent on and the other independent of DNA methylation
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