Intestinal Lf mRNA and protein expression in severely obese subjects and in Caco-2/15 cells.

<p>mRNA and protein levels of Lf were estimated in the intestine of insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant obese subjects (n = 9 per group). The relative mRNA fold-changes between groups were calculated using the 2^−ΔΔCt method. mRNA data were normalized to ATP5O mRNA expression. Modulation of Lf protein following a 24-hour Caco-2/15 cell incubation with LPS (150 μg/mL). Protein expression values were normalized to β-actin protein expression. In B, samples were run on the same gel, but lanes were not contiguous. * <i>P</i><0.05 vs. insulin-sensitive subjects, **p<0.001 vs. control cells.</p

Plasma Lf levels in lean to moderately obese subjects.

<p><b>(A)</b> Plasma Lf concentrations were assessed in lean to moderately obese women following stratification performed according to median values of body fat mass (median = 34.8%) and HOMA-IR index (low fat mass group: median = 1.8; high fat mass group: median = 3.1). Correlations were tested between plasma Lf concentrations and HOMA-IR in subjects with body fat mass (%) <b>(B)</b> lower or <b>(C)</b> higher than the median Pearson correlation coefficients of log-transformed variables. <i>P</i> values are shown on the graph: * <i>P</i><0.05; # <i>P</i> = 0.1.</p

Pearson correlation coefficients of plasma Lf and anthropometric with biochemical parameters in lean to moderately obese women.

<p>Pearson correlation coefficients of plasma Lf and anthropometric with biochemical parameters in lean to moderately obese women.</p

Anthropometric and biochemical parameters as well as plasma Lf concentrations in a subsample of severely obese subjects matched for sex, age and BMI in high (n = 10) and low insulin sensitivity (n = 10) patients based on HOMA-IR.

<p>Anthropometric and biochemical parameters as well as plasma Lf concentrations in a subsample of severely obese subjects matched for sex, age and BMI in high (n = 10) and low insulin sensitivity (n = 10) patients based on HOMA-IR.</p

Adjusted partial correlation coefficients of plasma Lf concentration and HOMA-IR of severely obese women and men.

<p>Adjusted partial correlation coefficients of plasma Lf concentration and HOMA-IR of severely obese women and men.</p

Characteristics of patients included in the second study sample.

<p>Characteristics of patients included in the second study sample.</p

Plasma Lf levels in severely obese subjects.

<p>Correlations were tested between plasma Lf concentrations and <b>(A)</b> BMI, <b>(B)</b> insulin and <b>(C)</b> HOMA-IR in severely obese subjects without T2D. Pearson correlation coefficients of log-transformed variables and <i>P</i> values are shown in the graph (n = 62); <b>(D)</b> Plasma Lf concentrations in severely obese patients according to HOMA-IR tertiles and to the presence of T2D. * <i>P<</i>0.05.</p

Additional file 1 of Altered intestinal functions and increased local inflammation in insulin-resistant obese subjects: a gene-expression profile analysis

Table S1. Complete list of the 195 annotated differentially expressed genes in the intestine of insulin-resistant compared to insulin-sensitive subjects (Fold change > 1.2, P < 0.05). Table S2. List of the GO terms significantly enriched in differentially expressed genes in the intestine of insulin-resistant compared to insulin-sensitive subjects (FDR < 10-5). (PDF 122 kb

Ingenuity pathway analysis for sexually dimorphic genes: Networks under HFD conditions (M HFD vs F HFD).

a<p>Networks with scores ≥25 are indicated. ^bGenes in bold are included in our datasets.</p>f<p>Genes more expressed in females. ^mGenes more expressed in males.</p><p>Underline corresponds to genes both dimorphic under CD or HFD conditions.</p

Ingenuity pathway analysis for gene responding to HFD: Biological functions in female.

a<p>The first 10 biological categories of function are indicated and function annotation with a significant z-score are detailed.</p>u<p>Upregulated genes. ^dDownregulated genes.</p><p>Underline corresponds to genes deregulated both in female and male placentas.</p