Demographic data of MR+ and MR- patient subgroups.

<p>IQR: interquartile range.</p><p>Demographic data of MR+ and MR- patient subgroups.</p

Sulci of the left central area, based on BrainVisa nomenclature (http://brainvisa.info), lateral (A) and medial (B) views: The central sulcus (S.C.) is surrounded by the superior postcentral sulcus (S.Po.C.sup), the retrocentral transverse ramus of the lateral fissure (F.C.L.r.retroC.tr), the inferior postcentral ramus of the intraparietal sulcus (F.I.P.Po.C.inf), the median frontal sulcus (S.F.median) and the median (S.Pe.C.median), marginal (S.Pe.C.marginal), superior (S.Pe.C.sup.), intermediate (S.Pe.C.inter.) and inferior (S.Pe.C.inf.) branches of the pre-central sulcus.

<p>The ramifications of the central sulcus were composed of the central sylvian sulcus (S.C.sylvian), the paracentral lobule (S.C.LPC.) and the paracentral sulcus (S.p.C). Right hemisphere not shown.</p

List of FCD sulci for each patient.

<p>List of FCD sulci for each patient.</p

Variables coded.

<p>Variables coded.</p

Sensitivity and specificity for quantitatively derived abnormal sulci compared with FCD sulci.

<p>Sensitivity and specificity for quantitatively derived abnormal sulci compared with FCD sulci.</p

Flowchart of the sulcus-based analysis.

<p>A) Processing steps for the controls. First, based on T1-weighted MRI (T1w MRI), cortical sulci were extracted. They were then automatically labeled (one color per label). The sulcus energy maps derived from this recognition process were then generated (blue to red colors, reflecting a sulcus pattern with a good match to the learning database and a bad match, respectively). These maps were averaged to obtain mean and standard deviation (SD) maps. B) Processing steps for a single FCD patient. Cortical sulci extraction, labeling, and generation of sulcus energy map were done as described in A. Finally, a sulcus energy z-score map was computed by dividing the difference between the sulcus energy of the patient and the mean sulcus energy of controls by the standard deviation of controls (blue to red colors, reflecting an increasing z-score).</p

Proportion of infants excluded as a function of number of optodes.

<p>Number of optodes is totaled over sources and detectors. Each letter indicates an entry, coding for the system: ‘i’ stands for Hitachi, ‘a’ for Hamamatsu, and ‘x’ for all other systems. The boxplot on the right bottom panel represents the exact same data, collapsing into two categories: less than 20 optodes, and more than 20 optode.</p

Guidelines for infant fNIRS reporting.

<p>Items in 'strongly recommended' are necessary to achieve basic standardization and thus we should strive to report them; those in 'additional' would also be included for completeness.</p

Demographic data of patients and controls.

<p>IQR: interquartile range.</p><p>Demographic data of patients and controls.</p

Illustrative examples of patients with maximum z-scores pointing to an FCD sulcus.

<p>Z-score maps superimposed on gray–white matter interface surface models. For each patient, a color palette from blue to red was adjusted to the maximum z-score. Black arrow indicated the lesion. In Case 1, the maximum z-score (z = 3.4) pointed exactly to the FCD (red blob, arrow), in the depth of an ascending branch of the left central sulcus. In Case 2, the lesion was located on the right marginal precentral sulcus, which had a maximum z-score of 1.52. Of note, the right superior precentral sulcus (in red) also had a high, albeit not maximum, z-score (1.49). In Cases 3 and 4, the maximum z-scores (z = 2 and 0.4 respectively) pointed to the FCD sulcus, which stood-out from the neighboring sulci with much lower z-scores. In Case 5, the maximum z-score (z = 2.6) pointed to an FCD sulcus but there were other sulci with high local z-score beyond the FCD. In Case 6, even if the FCD was associated with a maximum z-score (z = 7.6), this high energy sulcus had a wide spatial extent, beyond the site of FCD.</p