MULTIPLE DRUG RESISTANCE PROTEINS OF PULMONARY SOMATIC CELLS AND THEIR SPECIFIC EXPRESSION IN FIBROUS CAVERNOUS TUBERCULOSIS

Cells of the host containing special proteins-transporters, so-called proteins of multiple drug resistance (MDR proteins) can contribute to the drug resistance formation.Goal of the study: to define specific expression of gene and distribution of main MDR proteins (MDR1/Pgp, MRP1, lRP, BCRP) in the pulmonary cells in case of active tuberculosis.Materials and methods. Expression of MDR protein genes was evaluated by RT-PCR for mRNA isolated from the surgical specimen of fibrous cavernous tuberculosis patients. Localization of MDR proteins was performed by immunohistochemical staining and confocal laser microscopy. Main results. Intensity of MDR protein genes expression varies in different zones of tuberculous lesions: MDR1 and BCRP are characterized by the highest level and MRP1 gene is characterized by the minimum level. The level of lRP gene expression depends on the inflammation zone and it is maximum in perifocal zone where protein is detected in the cells of alveolar epithelium and macrophages. High expression of MDR protein genes in various parts of tuberculous lesions witnesses about the potential involvement of these proteins in the development of drug resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs

Белки множественной лекарственной устойчивости соматических клеток легкого и особенности их экспрессии при фиброзно-кавернозном туберкулезе

Cells of the host containing special proteins-transporters, so-called proteins of multiple drug resistance (MDR proteins) can contribute to the drug resistance formation.Goal of the study: to define specific expression of gene and distribution of main MDR proteins (MDR1/Pgp, MRP1, lRP, BCRP) in the pulmonary cells in case of active tuberculosis.Materials and methods. Expression of MDR protein genes was evaluated by RT-PCR for mRNA isolated from the surgical specimen of fibrous cavernous tuberculosis patients. Localization of MDR proteins was performed by immunohistochemical staining and confocal laser microscopy. Main results. Intensity of MDR protein genes expression varies in different zones of tuberculous lesions: MDR1 and BCRP are characterized by the highest level and MRP1 gene is characterized by the minimum level. The level of lRP gene expression depends on the inflammation zone and it is maximum in perifocal zone where protein is detected in the cells of alveolar epithelium and macrophages. High expression of MDR protein genes in various parts of tuberculous lesions witnesses about the potential involvement of these proteins in the development of drug resistance to anti-tuberculosis drugs.В формировании устойчивости к лекарственным препаратам могут принимать участие клетки макроорганизма, содержащие специальные белки-транспортеры, получившие название «белки множественной лекарственной устойчивости» (белки МЛУ).Цель исследования: определить особенности экспрессии генов и распределения основных белков МЛУ (MDR1/Pgp, MRP1, LRP, BCRP) в клетках легкого при туберкулезном процессе.Материалы и методы. Оценка экспрессии генов белков МЛУ проведена методом ОТ-ПЦР на мРНК, выделенной из операционного материала больных фиброзно-кавернозным туберкулезом. Оценка локализации белков МЛУ выполнена с помощью методов иммуногистохимического окрашивания и конфокальной лазерной микроскопии.Результаты. Выраженность экспрессии генов белков МЛУ в разных зонах туберкулезного процесса варьирует: MDR1 и BCRP характеризуются наиболее высоким уровнем и минимальным - ген MRP1. Уровень экспрессии гена LRP зависит от зоны воспаления и является максимальным в перифокальной зоне, где белок выявляется в клетках альвеолярного эпителия и макрофагах. Высокая экспрессия генов белков МЛУ в разных зонах туберкулезного процесса свидетельствует о потенциальной возможности участия данных белков в развитии лекарственной устойчивости к препаратам противотуберкулезной химиотерапии

Strategie vstupu na trh pro obchod SEMPER do České republiky

The purpose of the thesis is the development of an international marketing strategy for penetrating the foreign market.The theoretical part mainly consists of analyzing the strategic alternatives that the organization faces when entering the international market.Practical part of the paper analyzes the micro and macro environment of the organization on the Russian market, as well as the analysis of environmental factors in the Czech clothing market. To do this, the author used such tools for analysis of the environment as SWOT and PEST analysis, as well as Porter’s five forces analysis.Moreover, this paper provides statistical data obtained through a mass survey, which has become a key tool for analyzing consumer preferences in the Czech market.In the final part, the author proposes the use of data obtained in the course of market analysis and mass survey.Účelem této práce je vývoj mezinárodní marketingové strategie pro průnik do zahraničního trhu. Teoretickou část tvoří analýza strategických alternativ se kterými čelí organizace při vstupu do mezinárodního trhu. Praktická část práce analyzuje jak mikro a makro prostředí organizace na ruském trhu, tak i analýzu environmentálních faktorů na českém trhu oblečení. Autor používá takové nástroje pro analýzu prostředí jak SWOT a PEST analýzy a také Porter's analýzu pěti sil. Kromě toho, tato práce poskytuje statistické údaje získané provedením hromadného průzkumu, což je klíčovým nástrojem pro analýzu spotřebitelské preference na českém trhu. Ve finální části autor navrhuje způsob použití údajů obdržených pomocí analýzy trhu a hromadného průzkumu

Microsatellite instability (MSI, EMAST) in the pathogenesis of follicular lymphoma

Background. Genetic instability, an important phenomenon involved in oncogenic transformation and tumor progression, is associated with the insufficiency of the multicomponent DNA repair complex, in particular, the nucleotide mismatch repair (MMR) system. The MMR defect manifests itself as abnormalities in DNA microsatellite repeats, or microsatellite instability (MSI). In the studies of colorectal cancer, the role of MSI in prognostication of the disease, and defining the choice of specific therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors has been proven.However, in lymphatic system tumors, the significance of this phenomenon is poorly understood. Determination of genetic instability in the onset of follicular lymphoma, a disease characterized by a heterogeneous course, may have prognostic value.Objective: to determine the genetic instability at the onset of follicular lymphoma.Materials and methods. Here we report an analysis of 24 microsatellite repeats and amelogenin loci in tumor cells of 46 follicular lymphoma patients.Results. In the studied cohort, lesions in microsatellite repeats were presented by MSI in 9 cases (19.6 %) and the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 19 cases (41.3 %). Most frequent lesions were found for the SE33 marker located at the q14 locus of chromosome 6. A significant association was shown between MSI and the double-hit follicular lymphoma group with rearrangements of the MYC and BCL2/BCL6 genes.Conclusion. Thus, our data indicate that the MSI phenomenon might be involved in the pathogenesis of the lymphatic tumors and particularly follicular lymphoma. However further studies on the expanded cohorts of patients are required to define the possible prognostic value of MSI in lymphatic tumors