Modeling the Existence of Basic Offspring Number on Basic Reproductive Ratio of Dengue without Vertical Transmission

Dengue fever is a flavivirus of the family flaviviridae and transmitted to human after biting the infected vectors. The main vectors of dengue are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. There are four serotypes of dengue virus, viz. DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3, and DEN-4. The dengue virus, one of the virus that causes classical dengue fever (DF) and dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) is primarily found in the tropical and subtropical regions. Indonesia with the tropical climate has become an ideal land for dengue virus transmission. The wide clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic infections or mild illness, to the more severe forms of infection such as dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The transmission of virus between mosquito can occur in two mechanisms, viz., horizontally and vertically. If the infected mosquito bite a human susceptible such that the human is infected, then this kind of transmission is called horizontal. The vertically transmission can occur from infected female mosquitoes to next generation. In this paper we build what is called Basic Offspring Number (Q0) based on the rate of change of aquatic mosquito and the total rate of change of mosquito population. Mathematical model is formulated to estimate the dynamics of the spread of disease dengue associated with basic offspring number Q0 (how the contribution of basic offspring number on basic reproductive ratio R0). The result shows that the existence of Q0 is significant toward R0

The Effect of Albendazole Administration and Iron-Folic Acid Supplementation on Hemoglobin Level in Primary Schoolchildren with Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections were the highest infection in children aged 5–15 years old. They lead to iron deficiency anemia and folic acid deficiency. One of the strategies to treat the issues is anthelmintic administration with iron-folic acid supplementation. AIM: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of single-dose albendazole and albendazole with iron-folic acid supplementation on hemoglobin (Hb) levels in children with STHs. METHODS: This was an open-label randomized clinical trial conducted in Batubara Regency from September to November 2018. Subjects were primary schoolchildren with STH infections. They were grouped into albendazole and albendazole with iron-folic acid supplementation groups. The data were analyzed by independent t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test. RESULTS: From 139 children, 72 children received albendazole single dose and 67 children received albendazole with 30 mg iron and 250 μg folic acid weekly for 3 months. The median of baseline hemoglobin level was 12.2 gr/dL, whereas after intervention was 12.7 gr/dL. The hemoglobin level increases did not differ significantly between the two groups (p > 0.05). However, clinical improvement was observed. CONCLUSION: Iron-folic acid supplementation in addition to albendazole did not show any benefit for primary schoolchildren with STH infection in Batubara Regency, North Sumatera, Indonesia

The Effectiveness of School-based and Community-based Deworming Methods in Primary School Children with Soil-transmitted Helminth Infection

OBJECTIVE: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection remains a public health problem, especially children. Preventive chemotherapy for school-aged children with STH infection in 2012 had only reached half of the World Health Organization target. Therefore, mass drug administration by community-based deworming (CBD) could be a solution to achieve the target. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was the sample test in STH-infected primary school children at Suka Village, Indonesia. It was conducted from December 2016 to April 2017. A single dose 400 mg albendazole was given in both study groups. Effectiveness was assessed by Kato-Katz stool examination at the 1st and 3rd months after treatment. RESULTS: We enrolled 257 children and divided into school-based deworming (SBD) and CBD group. SBD consisted of 123 children while CBD was 134 children group which divided based on a school cluster system. The prevalence of STH infection is 55.6% with the most common infection that is ascariasis in both groups. The uninfected children are 72.5% of SBD and 59.5% of CBD group. Reinfection was found in 31.8% of SBD and 54.1% of CBD group. There are no significant differences of worm eggs intensity before and after deworming in both groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: SBD found to be more effective compared to CBD in primary school children with STH infection in Suka village, Indonesia

Efficacy of Albendazole and Albendazole-Mebendazole against Trichuris trichiura Infections

BACKGROUND: Trichuris trichiura infections treatment using albendazole or mebendazole as a single dose is rated unsatisfactory. The combination of albendazole-mebendazole is viewed to have better efficacy against T. trichiura infections due to the nature of each drug. AIM: This study compared the efficacy of albendazole and albendazole-mebendazole for T. trichiura infection treatment in Talawi, Batu Bara, North Sumatra, among primary school children. METHODS: An open randomized clinical trial was carried out in Talawi, Batu Bara. The efficacy of albendazole as a single dose and albendazole-mebendazole as a single dose was compared. Research subjects were school children aged 6–12 years old with T. trichiura infections. Chi-square test was performed to compare the cure rate and unpaired t-test was done to compare the number of eggs per gram (epg) in both groups. RESULTS: From a total of 463 children, 235 of them suffered from T. trichiura infections. The cure rate of the group with 400 mg albendazole as a single dose was 52.5%, while the other group with albendazole 400 mg – mebendazole 500 mg as a single dose was at 71.1% cure rate. The cure rate of the two groups showed a significant difference with p = 0.011. Both groups were observed to have a significant reduction in the number worm eggs with p = 0.04. CONCLUSION: Albendazole 400 mg – mebendazole 500 mg combination as a single dose treatment has better efficacy than albendazole 400 mg alone, where the drug combination gave a higher cure rate and greater reduction in the number of T. trichiura eggs

Analysis Of Village Fund Utilization

Village funds are funds sourced from the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget allocated to villages that are transferred through the Regency / City Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget which is rolled out to finance governance, implementation of development, guidance and community empowerment. This study aims to determine how the use of village funds in Pintu Langit Village and Labuhan Batu Village, Padangsidimpuan City. This research uses qualitative methods with a descriptive approach. The results showed that in the last five years (2015-2019) village funds received by the two villages were always allocated to village infrastructure development which was always monotonous, for example, road construction, culverts, irrigation, mosque rehabilitation and other physical developments. If the development model is like that, then the development will not have a significant change in the progress of the village. Meanwhile, community potential in other aspects has the opportunity to be improved. However, the village government has not paid more attention to the community regarding this potential. The program that the village government must promote in order to bring community welfare is economic development, this will certainly be realized if community empowerment programs are carried out which can provide more skills to the community to develop economic potential in the village environment. Keywords: Village funds; economic development; community empowermen

Pengaruh Motivasi, Risiko Investasi dan Pengetahuan Investasi Terhadap Minat Berinvestasi Pada Mahasiswa Akuntansi Di Kota Batam

Keberhasilan pembangunan negara sebagian besar dievaluasi oleh pertumbuhan ekonomi negara. Itu sebabnya setiap individu dituntut memiliki pandangan yang maju untuk memenuhi kebutuhan finansialnya yang terencana demi kehidupan yang terjamin di masa depan. Salah satu cara untuk mempersiapkan kebutuhan yang terduga di masa depan serta perekonomian sejahtera yaitu dengan berinvestasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui seberapa besar motivasi, pengelolaan risiko investasi serta pengetahuan investasi yang dimiliki oleh mahasiswa. Peneliti menggunakan teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini, yaitu teknik purposive sampling, yang memiliki sampel sebanyak 100 responden. Peneliti menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data berupa kuesioner serta menggunakan skala likert. Peneliti menggunakan teknik analisis data diantaranya analisis statistik deskriptif, uji kualitas data, uji asumsi klasik, uji pengaruh, serta uji hipotesis. Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan secara parsial motivasi dan pengetahuan investasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap minat investasi. Risiko investasi secara parsial tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap minat investasi. Secara simultan motivasi, risiko investasi dan pengetahuan investasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap minat investasi. Kata Kunci: Minat Investasi, Motivasi, Risiko Investasi, Pengetahuan Investas

Risk Factors for Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Preschool Children Living in Farmland, North Sumatera, Indonesia

Background. Disease burden from soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) is mainly attributed to its chronic and insidious impact on health and quality of life. Strategy recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) to control it was previously focused on school-aged children, but now preschool-aged children are involved. This study was intended to determine STH infection risk factors in preschool children. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Suka Village, North Sumatera, Indonesia, from October to December 2016. Subjects were children aged 1 to 5 years without history of taking antihelminthic. Subjects were obtained by consecutive sampling. Demographic data and risk factors for helminthiasis were collected using questionnaire-based interview. Subjects were divided into two groups, positive and negative STH infection, based on Kato Katz method. Analysis was done using chi-square and logistic regression test. p value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. We enrolled 90 subjects in this study, with the mean age being 31.7 months. STH infection prevalence was 34.4%. Statistical analysis revealed that mother/caregiver hand washing habit (p=0.007), mother/caregiver nail trimming habit (p=0.018), and children nail trimming habit (p=0.022) were significant risk factors for STH infection. Conclusion. Mother/caregiver hand washing habit is the most influential risk factor for STH infection in preschool children

The effect of treatment for soil-transmitted helminthiasis on cognitive function in children

Background Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections affect one-third of the world's population. School-aged children are reported to have the highest prevalence and intensity of disease, resulting in impaired cognitive function, malnutrition and morbidity. Objective To examine differences in cognitive function in STHinfected children before and after treatment. Methods We conducted a randomized, open-label, controlled trial from November 2 008 - March 2009 in Aek Na bar a, Lab uh an Batu District, North Sumatera Province. Subjects were primary schoolaged children with STH infection. Before intervention, data on age, sex, nutritional status, STH infection status and cognitive function were collected. Subjects were divided into two groups by simple randomization. Group I received 400 mg albendazole and group II received a placebo. Three months after intervention, cognitive function of subjects in both groups was reassessed. Data was analysed by Student's t test, with P value of less than 0.05 considered to be statistically significant. Results Cognitive tests with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) were performed in 120 children infected with STH. Sixty children received 400 mg albendazole and 60 children received placebo. Seven children were excluded and one dropped out from this study. Three months after the intervention, we reevaluated cognitive function and found significant differences in the categories of digit span (P=0.024) and total IQ score (P=0.027) between the two groups. Conclusions Treatment of STH infection with albendazole improved cognitive function of children in comprehension, coding and digit span testing. Performance and full IQ scores were also improved after treatment. [Paediatr lndones. 2012;52:99-105]