A novel splice variant of the stem cell marker LGR5/GPR49 is correlated with the risk of tumor-related death in soft-tissue sarcoma patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The human leucine-rich, repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor (LGR) 5, also called GPR49, is a marker of stem cells in adult intestinal epithelium, stomach and hair follicles. LGR5/GPR49 is overexpressed in tumors of the colon, ovary and liver and in basal cell carcinomas. Moreover, an expression in skeletal muscle tissues was also detected. However, there has been no investigation regarding the expression and function of LGR5/GPR49 in soft-tissue sarcomas (STS) yet.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Seventy-seven frozen tumor samples from adult STS patients were studied using quantitative real-time TaqMan™ PCR analysis. The mRNA levels of wild type <it>LGR5/GPR49 </it>and a newly identified splice variant of <it>LGR5/GPR49 </it>lacking exon 5 (that we called <it>GPR49Δ5</it>) were quantified.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A low mRNA expression level of <it>GPR49Δ5</it>, but not wild type <it>LGR5/GPR49</it>, was significantly correlated with a poor prognosis for the disease-associated survival of STS patients (RR = 2.6; P = 0.026; multivariate Cox's regression hazard analysis). Furthermore, a low mRNA expression level of <it>GPR49Δ5 </it>was associated with a shorter recurrence-free survival (P = 0.043). However, tumor onset in patients with a lower expression level of <it>GPR49Δ5 </it>mRNA occurred 7.5 years later (P = 0.04) than in patients with a higher tumor level of <it>GPR49Δ5 </it>mRNA.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>An attenuated mRNA level of the newly identified transcript variant <it>GPR49Δ5 </it>is a negative prognostic marker for disease-associated and recurrence-free survival in STS patients. Additionally, a lower <it>GPR49Δ5 </it>mRNA level is associated with a later age of tumor onset. A putative role of <it>GPR49Δ5 </it>expression in tumorigenesis and tumor progression of soft tissue sarcomas is suggested.</p

Causes and Consequences of A Glutamine Induced Normoxic HIF1 Activity for the Tumor Metabolism

The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) is the crucial regulator of genes that are involved in metabolism under hypoxic conditions, but information regarding the transcriptional activity of HIF1 in normoxic metabolism is limited. Different tumor cells were treated under normoxic and hypoxic conditions with various drugs that affect cellular metabolism. HIF1ff was silenced by siRNA in normoxic/hypoxic tumor cells, before RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analyses were performed while using the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 as a model. Differentially expressed genes were further analyzed and validated by qPCR, while the activity of the metabolites was determined by enzyme assays. Under normoxic conditions, HIF1 activity was significantly increased by (i) glutamine metabolism, which was associated with the release of ammonium, and it was decreased by (ii) acetylation via acetyl CoA synthetase (ACSS2) or ATP citrate lyase (ACLY), respectively, and (iii) the presence of L-ascorbic acid, citrate, or acetyl-CoA. Interestingly, acetylsalicylic acid, ibuprofen, L-ascorbic acid, and citrate each significantly destabilized HIF1ff only under normoxia. The results from the deep sequence analyses indicated that, in HIF1-siRNA silenced MDA-MB-231 cells, 231 genes under normoxia and 1384 genes under hypoxia were transcriptionally significant deregulated in a HIF1-dependent manner. Focusing on glycolysis genes, it was confirmed that HIF1 significantly regulated six normoxic and 16 hypoxic glycolysis-associated gene transcripts. However, the results from the targeted metabolome analyses revealed that HIF1 activity affected neither the consumption of glucose nor the release of ammonium or lactate; however, it significantly inhibited the release of the amino acid alanine. This study comprehensively investigated, for the first time, how normoxic HIF1 is stabilized, and it analyzed the possible function of normoxic HIF1 in the transcriptome and metabolic processes of tumor cells in a breast cancer cell model. Furthermore, these data imply that HIF1 compensates for the metabolic outcomes of glutaminolysis and, subsequently, theWarburg effect might be a direct consequence of the altered amino acid metabolism in tumor cells

HIF-1α inhibition by siRNA or chetomin in human malignant glioma cells: effects on hypoxic radioresistance and monitoring via CA9 expression

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hypoxia induces activation of the HIF-1 pathway and is an essential characteristic of malignant gliomas. Hypoxia has been linked to tumor progression, therapy resistance and poor prognosis. However, little is known about the impact of HIF-1α inhibition on radioresistance of malignant glioma.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>In this study, we investigated the effects of the inhibition of HIF-1α on cell survival and radiosensitivity in U251MG and U343MG glioma cells, using two different strategies. HIF-1α inhibition was achieved by siRNA targeting of HIF-1α or via chetomin, a disruptor of interactions between HIF-1α and p300. The inhibition of the HIF-1 pathway was monitored by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses of the expression levels of HIF-1α and CA9. CA9 expression was investigated as a potential indicator of the efficacy of HIF-1 inhibition and the resulting radiosensitivity of malignant glioma cell lines was determined by clonogenic assay after irradiation under normoxic (2-10 Gy) or hypoxic (2-15 Gy) conditions.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Although siRNA and chetomin show distinct modes of action, both attenuated the hypoxia-induced radioresistance of malignant glioma cell lines U251MG (DMF₁₀: 1.35 and 1.18) and U343MG (DMF₁₀: 1.78 and 1.48). However, siRNA and chetomin showed diverse effects on radiosensitivity under normoxic conditions in U251MG (DMF₁₀: 0.86 and 1.35) and U343MG (DMF₁₀: 1.33 and 1.02) cells.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Results from this <it>in vitro </it>study suggest that inhibition of HIF-1α is a promising strategy to sensitize human malignant gliomas to radiotherapy and that CA9 could serve as an indicator of effective HIF-1-related radiosensitization.</p

Elevated tumor and serum levels of the hypoxia-associated protein osteopontin are associated with prognosis for soft tissue sarcoma patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Osteopontin (OPN) overexpression is correlated with a poor prognosis for tumor patients. However, only a few studies investigated the prognostic impact of expression of OPN in soft tissue sarcomas (STS) yet.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This study is based on tumor and serum samples from 93 adult STS patients. We investigated OPN protein levels in serum (n = 86) and tumor tissue (n = 80) by ELISA and OPN mRNA levels in tumor tissue (n = 68) by quantitative real-time PCR.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>No correlation was found between OPN levels in serum and tumor tissue. Moreover, an elevated OPN protein level in the serum was significantly associated with clinical parameters such as higher stage (p = 0.004), higher grade (p = 0.003), subtype (p = 0.002) and larger tumor size (p = 0.03). OPN protein levels in the tumor tissue were associated with higher stage (p = 0.06), higher grade (p = 0.003), subtype (p = 0.07) and an increased rate of relapse (p = 0.02). In addition, using a Cox's proportional hazards regression model, we found that an elevated OPN protein level in the serum and tumor tissue extracts is a significant negative prognostic factor for patients with STS. The relative risks of tumor-related death were 2.2 (p < 0.05) and 3.7 (p = 0.01), respectively.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our data suggest OPN protein in serum as well as in tumor tissue extracts is an important prognostic factor for soft tissue sarcoma patients.</p

Low HIF-1α and low EGFR mRNA Expression Significantly Associate with Poor Survival in Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients; the Proteins React Differently

In various tumors, the hypoxia inducible factor-1&#945; (HIF-1&#945;) and the epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGFR) have an impact on survival. Nevertheless, the prognostic impact of both markers for soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is not well studied. We examined 114 frozen tumor samples from adult soft tissue sarcoma patients and 19 frozen normal tissue samples. The mRNA levels of HIF-1&#945;, EGFR, and the reference gene hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) were quantified using a multiplex qPCR technique. In addition, levels of EGFR or HIF-1&#945; protein were determined from 74 corresponding protein samples using ELISA techniques. Our analysis showed that a low level of HIF-1&#945; or EGFR mRNA (respectively, relative risk (RR) = 2.8; p = 0.001 and RR = 1.9; p = 0.04; multivariate Cox&#180;s regression analysis) is significantly associated with a poor prognosis in STS patients. The combination of both mRNAs in a multivariate Cox&#8217;s regression analysis resulted in an increased risk of early tumor-specific death of patients (RR = 3.1, p = 0.003) when both mRNA levels in the tumors were low. The EGFR protein level had no association with the survival of the patient&#8217;s cohort studied, and a higher level of HIF-1&#945; protein associated only with a trend to significance (multivariate Cox&#8217;s regression analysis) to a poor prognosis in STS patients (RR = 1.9, p = 0.09). However, patients with low levels of HIF-1&#945; protein and a high content of EGFR protein in the tumor had a three-fold better survival compared to patients without such constellation regarding the protein level of HIF-1&#945; and EGFR. In a bivariate two-sided Spearman&#8217;s rank correlation, a significant correlation between the expression of HIF-1&#945; mRNA and expression of EGFR mRNA (p &lt; 0.001) or EGFR protein (p = 0.001) was found, additionally, EGFR mRNA correlated with EGFR protein level (p &lt; 0.001). Our results show that low levels of HIF-1&#945; mRNA or EGFR mRNA are negative independent prognostic markers for STS patients, especially after combination of both parameters. The protein levels showed a different effect on the prognosis. In addition, our analysis suggests a possible association between HIF-1&#945; and EGFR expression in STS

CMG2 Expression Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Soft Tissue Sarcoma Patients

The capillary morphogenesis gene 2 (CMG2), also known as the anthrax toxin receptor 2 (ANTXR2), is a transmembrane protein putatively involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) adhesion and tissue remodeling. CMG2 promotes endothelial cell proliferation and exhibits angiogenic properties. Its downregulation is associated with a worsened survival of breast carcinoma patients. Aim of this study was to analyze the CMG2 mRNA and protein expression in soft tissue sarcoma and their association with patient outcome. CMG2 mRNA was measured in 121 tumor samples of soft tissue sarcoma patients using quantitative real-time PCR. CMG2 protein was evaluated in 52 tumor samples by ELISA. CMG2 mRNA was significantly correlated with the corresponding CMG2 protein expression (rs = 0.31; p = 0.027). CMG2 mRNA expression was associated with the mRNA expressions of several ECM and tissue remodeling enzymes, among them CD26 and components of the uPA system. Low CMG2 mRNA expression was correlated with a worsened patients’ disease-specific survival in Kaplan-Meier analyses (mean patient survival was 25 vs. 96 months; p = 0.013), especially in high-stage tumors. A decreased CMG2 expression is a negative prognostic factor for soft tissue sarcoma patients. CMG2 may be an interesting candidate gene for the further exploration of soft tissue sarcoma genesis and progression

Investigation of the Prognostic Role of Carbonic Anhydrase 9 (CAIX) of the Cellular mRNA/Protein Level or Soluble CAIX Protein in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

s: Carbonic anhydrase 9 (CAIX) is an important protein that stabilizes the extracellular pH value and is transcriptionally regulated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1), but more stable than HIF1α. Here we show a comparative study that examines the prognostic value of CA9 mRNA, CAIX protein of tumor cells and secreted CAIX protein for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Tumor samples from 72 OSCC patients and 24 samples of normal tissue were analyzed for CA9 mRNA levels. A total of 158 OSCC samples were stained for CAIX by immunohistochemistry and 89 blood serum samples were analyzed by ELISA for soluble CAIX protein content. Survival analyses were performed by Kaplan–Meier and Cox’s regression analysis to estimate the prognostic effect of CA9/CAIX in OSCC patients. The CA9 mRNA and CAIX protein levels of tumor cells correlated with each other, but not with those of the secreted CAIX protein level of the blood of patients. ROC curves showed a significant (p &lt; 0.001) higher mRNA-level of CA9 in OSCC samples than in adjacent normal tissue. Cox’s regression analysis revealed an increased risk (i) of death for patients with a high CA9 mRNA level (RR = 2.2; p = 0.02), (ii) of locoregional recurrence (RR = 3.2; p = 0.036) at higher CA9 mRNA levels and (iii) of death at high CAIX protein level in their tumors (RR = 1.7; p = 0.066) and especially for patients with advanced T4-tumors (RR = 2.0; p = 0.04). However, the secreted CAIX protein level was only as a trend associated with prognosis in OSCC (RR = 2.2; p = 0.066). CA9/CAIX is an independent prognostic factor for OSCC patients and therefore a potential therapeutic target