Evaluation of Spray Based Routing Approaches in Delay Tolerant Networks

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTN) are mobile ad-hoc networks in which connections are often disruptive or discontinuous. Data forwarding using an appropriate routing strategy is a highly confronting issue in such networks. The traditional ad-hoc routing protocols which require end-to-end connectivity fail to function here due to frequent occurrences of network partitions. Spray and Wait (SaW) routing algorithm is a popular controlled replication based DTN protocol which provides a better delivery performance balancing the average delay and overhead ratio. An empirical analysis of various spray based approaches that have been proposed for DTN has been performed in this paper to compare and evaluate the basic Spray and Wait algorithms (Source Spray and Wait and Binary Sprayand Wait) with some of its major improvements (Spray andFocus, Average Delivery Probability Binary Spray and Wait and Composite methods to improve Spray and Wait). The main aim of this comparative study is to verify the effect of utility metrics in spray based routing protocols over simple spray based approaches. The ONE simulator has been used to provide a simulation environment to evaluate these algorithms and generate results. The performance metrics used are delivery ratio (DR), overhead ratio (OR) and average latency (ALat). The simulation results show that in terms of delivery ratio and average latency, Composite methods to improve Spray and Wait which incorporates delivery predictability metric in the wait phase and also acknowledgements to delete already deliveredmessages from a node’s buffer, outperforms all the other variants compared

Survey of buffer management policies for delay tolerant networks

Delay tolerant networks (DTN) are a class of networks that are a subset of the traditional mobile ad-hoc networks. It differs from mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) in the sense that it can withstand high delays in delivering data because of frequent network partitions, limited bandwidth and storage constraints persisting in such networks. Owing to these inherent characteristics of the delay tolerant networks improving delivery ratio in such networks depends on two main factors-use of routing strategy and a good buffer management policy. Many routing protocols have been proposed in the literature for DTN. Buffer management is a very important factor in DTN because of the very limited buffer space available in DTN nodes. Although a scheduling policy in DTN determines which message has to be forwarded first, the dropping policy decides which messages are to be dropped in case of buffer overflow. This Letter presents a survey of the existing buffer management policies proposed for DTN and discusses the pros and cons of these approaches. The buffer management techniques have been classified on the basis of information used by them whether they are based on local information of messages available at the node or global information of all the messages in the network

An Update on the Treatment of Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma

Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) is the second-most common subtype of kidney cancer following clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), representing 15% of kidney cancers. Despite advances in therapy, including combination strategies with targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors, progress has lagged behind that of ccRCC. This is in part due to the heterogenous nature of the various subtypes of pRCC. More recently, investigators have turned efforts towards histology and biology-based trials. In this review, we outline some of the distinct biological characteristics of pRCC and discuss the most impactful clinical trials to date. Finally, we look ahead to several highly anticipated ongoing trials in pRCC

An Update on the Treatment of Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma

Papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) is the second-most common subtype of kidney cancer following clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), representing 15% of kidney cancers. Despite advances in therapy, including combination strategies with targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors, progress has lagged behind that of ccRCC. This is in part due to the heterogenous nature of the various subtypes of pRCC. More recently, investigators have turned efforts towards histology and biology-based trials. In this review, we outline some of the distinct biological characteristics of pRCC and discuss the most impactful clinical trials to date. Finally, we look ahead to several highly anticipated ongoing trials in pRCC

Optimizing Irrigation and Nutrient Management in Agriculture through Artificial Intelligence Implementation

Agriculture plays a pivotal role in sustaining global food security and addressing the challenges of a growing population. However, the efficient use of water and nutrients in agriculture is crucial to mitigate environmental impact while maximizing crop yield. In recent years, the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques into agricultural practices has gained momentum, offering innovative solutions for optimizing irrigation and nutrient management. This review paper examines the diverse applications of AI in agriculture, focusing on its role in enhancing irrigation scheduling and nutrient management for improved productivity and resource conservation. The paper presents an overview of various AI technologies, such as machine learning, remote sensing, and data analytics, and their contributions to sustainable agricultural practices. It also discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the adoption of AI in agriculture, including data quality, model interpretability, and farmer acceptance. Through a comprehensive analysis of recent research and case studies, this review underscores the potential of AI to revolutionize irrigation and nutrient management strategies, ultimately fostering a more resilient and productive agricultural sector

Measurement of the double-differential inclusive jet cross section in proton-proton collisions at s\sqrt{s} = 5.02 TeV

International audienceThe inclusive jet cross section is measured as a function of jet transverse momentum $p_\mathrm{T}$ and rapidity $y$. The measurement is performed using proton-proton collision data at $\sqrt{s}$ = 5.02 TeV, recorded by the CMS experiment at the LHC, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 27.4 pb$^{-1}$. The jets are reconstructed with the anti-$k_\mathrm{T}$ algorithm using a distance parameter of $R$ = 0.4, within the rapidity interval $\lvert y\rvert$$\lt$ 2, and across the kinematic range 0.06 $\lt$$p_\mathrm{T}$$\lt$ 1 TeV. The jet cross section is unfolded from detector to particle level using the determined jet response and resolution. The results are compared to predictions of perturbative quantum chromodynamics, calculated at both next-to-leading order and next-to-next-to-leading order. The predictions are corrected for nonperturbative effects, and presented for a variety of parton distribution functions and choices of the renormalization/factorization scales and the strong coupling $\alpha_\mathrm{S}$