Material incentives drive gender differences in cognitive effort among children

Academic performance relies on effort and varies by gender. However, it is not clear at what age nor under what circumstances gender differences in effort arise. Using behavioral real-effort measures from 806 fifth-grade students, we find no gender differences in cognitive effort in the absence of rewards. However, boys exert more effort than girls when materially incentivized. Adding a status incentive on top of material rewards does not further increase the gender gap. While boys achieve superior performance through more proactive control and faster reaction speed, we find no gender differences in overall accuracy. Girls' preferences for a more prudent approach pay off only when reactive control is elicited. These findings are robust to controlling for key personality traits and cognitive ability (fluid intelligence). The results have important implications for understanding gender divides in education and learning

Acting out the myths : the power of narrative discourse in shaping the Zimbabwe Conflict of Matabeleland, 1980-1987.

Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2009.This thesis interrogates the Matabeleland disturbances of 1980-1987 by analysing the conflict narratives promulgated by the ZANU-PF and how these narratives directly impacted the socio-political construction of violence that was enacted during that period. Of critical relevance is the interplay between the revolutionary narratives manufactured and imposed by the ZANU-PF regime and the myriad of contrasting, yet subjugated counter-narratives that were formulated as alternative resistances by the recipient communities. Through in-depth interview and document analysis methodologies, this research deconstructs the generative nature of scripted violence through the exploration of five salient themes employed by the ZANU-PF to produce its political meta-narrative: Ethnicity, Nationalism, Loyalty, Legitimacy and Unity. This study explores the power and function of narrative discourse in the formulation of ethnic identities, nation-state ordering, historical exclusion, political discipline, and social uniformity. The premise of this dissertation suggests that durable peace in Zimbabwe will only be realised to the degree that the silenced victims of the Matabeleland massacres are afforded a public voice and a sustained recognition in the historic, collective memory of that nation

Mercury species concentrations and fluxes in the Central Tropical Pacific Ocean

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2015. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Global Biogeochemical Cycles 29 (2015): 656–676, doi:10.1002/2015GB005120.The formation of the toxic and bioaccumulating monomethylmercury (MMHg) in marine systems is poorly understood, due in part to sparse data from many ocean regions. We present dissolved mercury (Hg) speciation data from 10 stations in the North and South Equatorial Pacific spanning large water mass differences and gradients in oxygen utilization. We also compare the mercury content in suspended particles from six stations and sinking particles from three stations to constrain local Hg sources and sinks. Concentrations of total Hg (THg) and methylated Hg in the surface and intermediate waters of the Equatorial and South Pacific suggest Hg cycling distinct from that of the North Pacific gyre. Maximum concentrations of 180 fM for both MMHg and dimethylmercury (DMHg) are observed in the Equatorial Pacific. South of the equator, concentrations of MMHg and DMHg are less than 100 fM. Sinking fluxes of particulate THg can reasonably explain the shape of dissolved THg profiles, but those of MMHg are too low to account for dissolved MMHg profiles. However, methylated Hg species are lower than predicted from remineralization rates based on North Pacific data, consistent with limitation of methylation in Equatorial and South Pacific waters. Full water column depth profiles were also measured for the first time in these regions. Concentrations of THg are elevated in deep waters of the North Pacific, compared to those in the intermediate and surface waters, and taper off in the South Pacific. Comparisons with previous measurements from nearby regions suggest little enrichment of THg or MMHg over the past 20 years.Financial support for this study was provided by the National Science Foundation in a grant from the Chemical Oceanography Program (OCE-1031271) to C.H. Lamborg and M.A. Saito and a Graduate Student Fellowship to K.M. Munson.2015-11-2

The Ursinus Weekly, October 8, 1970

Pettit inauguration scheduled; Appointments still undetermined • Ursinus institutes security measures to protect students • Obituaries: Dr. Paul R. Wagner; Nora Shuler Helfferich • Ashley Montagu appears in first Forum program • Editorial: Generation politics • Focus: Art Severance • Dr. Donald L. Helfferich: A zest for life • Kilt-klad\u27s komment • Diplomat aerials trip Bears in season debut • C C streak to nine; Albert sets record • Bears register second defeathttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1128/thumbnail.jp

The Ursinus Weekly, November 5, 1970

Committees consider Committee Committee • Shapp elected Governor • Mag Men pave way for future concerts • Chancellorship inauguration • Statement to S.F.A.R.C. • Forum program presents Joan Kerr dance troupe • Editorial: Marketable revolution • Focus: Nancy Hunt • In the spotlight: Cleon Pennypacker • Letters to the editor: Open letter; Answer to Baker • Faculty portrait: Donald J. Hunter • Institutions and change • JV stars boost Hoopmen hopes as practice begins • Geneva topples Bears; Grid record now 1-5https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1131/thumbnail.jp

The Ursinus Weekly, October 8, 1970

Pettit inauguration scheduled; Appointments still undetermined • Ursinus institutes security measures to protect students • Obituaries: Dr. Paul R. Wagner; Nora Shuler Helfferich • Ashley Montagu appears in first Forum program • Editorial: Generation politics • Focus: Art Severance • Dr. Donald L. Helfferich: A zest for life • Kilt-klad\u27s komment • Diplomat aerials trip Bears in season debut • C C streak to nine; Albert sets record • Bears register second defeathttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1128/thumbnail.jp

The Ursinus Weekly, February 24, 1972

I.R.C. plans Spring semester • Kevin Akey elected new USGA President • Sorority rushing reaches climax • WRUC-FM presents Jaime Brockett concert • Walk-a-thon planned for MDA • Bloodmobile comes to UC • Editorial: Two students • Focus: Kevin Akey • Two new faculty members added to UC community • Loralee in quest of her P.U.M. • Alumni Association of U.C. announces Spring schedule • Swimmers slice through the water • Dr. McAllister receives the Alumni Award • Ursinus Bruinettes continue to winhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1117/thumbnail.jp