Effect of L-glutamine on electrocardiographic, hemodynamic, Left ventricular function parameters and heart antioxidant enzymes in STZ-nicotinamide induced cardiomyopathy in rat.

<p><b>Foot note:</b> Results are represented as mean ± SEM, (n = 6). Data was analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by <i>post hoc</i> Tukey's test, ^*<i>p</i><0.05, ^**<i>p</i><0.01, ^***<i>p</i><0.001 and ns –non-significant compared with diabetic control group, ^#<i>p</i><0.05, ^##<i>p</i><0.01, 442 ^###<i>p</i><0.001 and ns – non-significant when compared with control non-diabetic group. ^$<i>p</i><0.05, ^$$<i>p</i><0.001 compared with L-glutamine (500 mg/kg).</p

Effect on electrocardiographic parameters.

<p>(A) Non-diabetic control, (B) Diabetic control group, (C) L-glutamine (500 mg/kg) and (D) L-glutamine (1000 mg/kg).</p

Histopathology of rat heart by hematoxyline and Eosin staining.

<p>NM =  normal myocardium, CE =  cytoplasmic eosinophilia, IN  =  mycardial inflammation, CV =  cytoplasmic vacuolization. (A) Non-diabetic control, (B) Diabetic control group, (C) L-glutamine (500 mg/kg) and (D) L-glutamine (1000 mg/kg).</p

Photomicrographs of histological changes of rat pancreata (Gomori stain).

<p>A) Non-diabetic: Normal histological structure of rat pancreata showing average sized islets (red arrow) and normal sized β cells. B) Diabetic control rat pancreata showing β cells slightly elongated with more destruction (++++). C) Concomitant administration of sitagliptin (5 mg/kg, p.o.) with cycloart-23-ene-3β, 25-diol (1 mg/kg, p.o.) treated rat pancreata showing slightly elongated of the β cells with less destruction (+). D) Concomitant administration of sitagliptin (5 mg/kg, p.o.) with L-glutamine (1000 mg/kg, p.o.) treated rat pancreata showing slightly elongated of the β cells with less destruction (+). <b><i>Grade:</i></b> – No injury; Grade: ++++ severe injury; Grade: ++ mild injury; Grade: + Very mild injury.</p

Effect of concomitant administration of cycloart-23-ene-3β, 25-diol and L-glutamine with sitagliptin on plasma insulin.

<p>Values are mean ± S.E.M., n = 6 in each group; statistical analysis by one way- ANOVA followed by Post hoc Tukey’s test using Graphpad Instat software; <i>p</i> value^#<0.001 compared to non-diabetic groups; *<0.05; **<0.01; ***<0.001 compared to diabetic control group.</p

Effect of concomitant administration of cycloart-23-ene-3β, 25 diol and L-glutamine with sitagliptin on body weight, food and water intake in streptozotocin – nicotinamide induced diabetic rats.

<p>Values are mean ± S.E.M., n = 6 in each group; statistical analysis by one way ANOVA followed by Post hoc Tukey’s test using Graphpad Instat software; p value^#<0.001 compared to non-diabetic groups;</p>*<p><0.05;</p>**<p><0.01;</p>***<p><0.001 compared to diabetic control group.</p

Effect of concomitant administration of cycloart-23-ene-3β, 25-diol and L-glutamine with sitagliptin on pancreatic insulin.

<p>Values are mean ± S.E.M., n = 6 in each group; statistical analysis by one way- ANOVA followed by Post hoc Tukey’s test using Graphpad Instat software; <i>p</i> value^#<0.001 compared to non-diabetic groups; *<0.05; **<0.01; ***<0.001 compared to diabetic control group.</p

Effect of concomitant administration of cycloart-23-ene-3β, 25-diol and L-glutamine with sitagliptin on plasma glucose level in streptozotocin-nicotinamided induced diabetic rats.

<p>Values are mean ± S.E.M., n = 6 in each group; statistical analysis by one way ANOVA followed by Post hoc Tukey’s test using Graphpad Instat software; <i>p</i> value^#<0.001 compared to non-diabetic groups; *<0.05; **<0.01; ***<0.001 compared to diabetic control group; ^## <0.01 compared to L-glutamine (1000 mg/kg) + Sita (5 mg/kg).</p

Effect of concomitant administration of cycloart-23-ene-3β, 25-diol and L-glutamine with sitagliptin on active GLP-1 (7–36) amide concentrations in plasma.

<p>Values are mean ± S.E.M., n = 6 in each group; statistical analysis by one way- ANOVA followed by Post hoc Tukey’s test using Graphpad Instat software; <i>p</i> value^#<0.001 compared to non-diabetic groups; *<0.05; **<0.01; ***<0.001 compared to diabetic control group.</p

Effect of concomitant administration of cycloart-23-ene-3β, 25 diol and L-glutamine with sitagliptin on glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid profile and antioxidant parameters in streptozotocin – nicotinamide induced diabetic rats.

<p>Values are mean ± S.E.M., n = 6 in each group; statistical analysis by one way ANOVA followed by Post hoc Tukey’s test using Graphpad Instat software; <i>p</i> value^#<0.001 compared to non-diabetic groups;</p>*<p><0.05;</p>**<p><0.01;</p>***<p><0.001 compared to diabetic control group;</p>##<p><0.01 compared to L-glutamine (1000 mg/kg)+Sita (5 mg/kg).</p