A matter of time: exploring survival analysis through cybersecurity

Despite the impact of employee behavior on organizational security, the topic of cybersecurity historically remains the responsibility of Information Security Management researchers and Information Technology professionals. However, the exponential increase in the prevalence and repercussions of cyber-related incidents invites collaboration between the fields of I-O Psychology and cybersecurity. The proposed presentation discusses the potential for I-O Psychology to contribute to cybersecurity efforts while demonstrating the fundamentals and applicability of survival analysis

How to get a job: deception in the applicant advice industry

The performance of applicants in a job interview is a well-studied topic within I-O psychology, yet less attention has been given to applicant preparation throughout the hiring process. While professional interview coaching has been rigorously tested, the surfeit of freely-available information circulating the internet has yet to be examined for content accuracy and integrity. In an attempt to highlight this industry under-examined by researchers, the current study proposes an investigation of online materials aimed at job applicants. Particularly, the proposed study aims to determine the sources of advice materials and whether they promote applicant deception during the job interview. Using a team of trained undergraduate coders, the proposed study will systematically categorize and analyze all articles available through Google from March 2017 to March 2019. Articles will be coded according to their primary topic of advice (i.e., ideal attire, charismatic nonverbal behavior, or commonly-asked interview questions), the source of the information (i.e., professional publication, mainstream news outlet, non-professional publication), and the overall goal of the article. As the proposed study aims to determine whether the online advice industry attempts to enable applicants to promote themselves beyond their abilities—potentially compromising the integrity of the job interview—each article is labeled along a continuum of deception, from purely-descriptive Informational materials to more prescriptive Image Maintenance and Image Creation materials. Classification in this manner will provide a systematic overview of the content and motive of recent advice materials, informing I-O researchers and practitioners of the potential influence of this industry. Preliminary results from April 2017 point to a prevalence of descriptive Informational materials and somewhat-prescriptive Image Maintenance materials, with deception-tolerant Image Creation appearing less frequently. Materials focused on appropriate answers for popular interview questions (50% of articles), do’s and don’ts for leveraging social media in the hiring process (12% of articles), and the Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities contributing to successful job interviews (11% of articles). Mainstream news outlets emerged as the second-largest source of advice materials, publishing one-third of coded articles. Initial results suggest the promotion of mild impression management by the advice industry through self-enhancing techniques provided in Image Maintenance materials. Fully categorizing recent advice materials will enable more thorough examination and comparison of online advice materials to research-supported interview techniques. In the absence of other research on this industry, completion of the proposed study will enhance I-O understanding of the magnitude and nature of these materials’ impact

Survival of the safest: examining organization risk factors for cybersecurity incidents

[Invited adaptation from presentation proposal, A Matter of Time: Exploring Survival Analysis Through Cybersecurity] Given that employees pose a large threat to organizational cybersecurity, much research attention has been directed to identifying individual risk factors for cybersecurity noncompliance and misbehavior at the cost of examining broad organizational risk factors. However, no study to date has formally examined how the risk of organizational cybersecurity incident changes over time, or how organizational characteristics affect this risk. The proposed study aims to conduct a survival analysis (SA) of cybersecurity events across the past decade, examining broad factors that impact the changing probability of cyberincidents. In particular, the proposed study will examine associations between cyberbreaches and industry type, annual revenue, and the sensitivity of information handled in the organization. While other studies have examined organization-wide risk factors, none have done so in a longitudinal analysis such as SA. The proposed study emphasizes the necessity of examining changes in risk across time due to the abundant evidence that cybersecurity incidents are increasing in both frequency and severity. Previously-employed methods such as odds ratios fail to account for the time-based component needed for properly analyzing the continuously-changing threat of cyberattacks. To analyze the impact of organizational factors on the risk of cyberincident, the proposed study will record security breaches (or lack thereof) for organizations listed in the top Fortune 1000 from 2005 to 2019, using publically-available data on over 9,000 cyberincidents recorded by Privacy Rights Clearinghouse. Event data will be examined in R, and organizational factors will be examined for covariance with the risk of cyberincident. Preliminary results from 2004 Fortune 500 companies indicate significant associations between cyberincident risk and both industry type and annual revenue. By utilizing Survival Analysis, the proposed study will provide an enhanced, time-based view on the past prevalence of cybersecurity incidents and the organizational factors associated with increased risk. Emphasis of these factors serves to alert organizations of their unique vulnerabilities, inspiring increased attention to the subject of security

The influence of organizational climate on management decision making styles

Decisions are made within an environmental context. This context sets the premises used to make adaptive decisions. The effective performance of any organization requires the coordination of management decision-making toward common goals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of structured environmental information on managerial decision-rnaking. The influence of two organizational climates, Friendly and Supportive and Impersonal and Non-Supportive, was studied using a management in-basket task. It was hypothesized that the two organizational climates would create two distinct management decisionmaking styles in subjects’ in-basket responses. The results supported this hypothesis. The results support a model of the structured information within organizations creating distinct management decisionmaking styles and behavioral sub-climates. The mechanism through which organizational climate influences management decision-making was hypothesized to be organizational -framing.Psychology, Department o

Altering Grapevine Crop-load and Canopy Architecture Through Cultural and Genetic Methods

North Dakota's extremely short growing season leads to premature harvest of unripe, high acid grapes with atypical fruit chemistry. To combat the short growing season, grape growers utilize labor intensive grapevine canopy management practices to expose grape clusters to sunshine for enhanced ripening potential. This research examined leaf removal and shoot-thinning, two widely utilized canopy management practices, for their effect on fruit chemistry of two regionally important, cold-hardy grapevines, ‘Frontenac’ and ‘Marquette’. These management techniques were effective at altering fruit chemistry as measured by sugar; however, they are costly to employ commercially due to yield reduction and labor requirements. Furthermore, they rarely impacted the targeted fruit component, acidity of grape must. Ultimately, we sought to mitigate labor expenses associated with on-farm canopy management practices by breeding cold-hardy grapevines with reduced single leaf area. To accomplish this goal, we utilized a novel mutant grapevine with highly dissected, technically compound leaves, ‘Chasselas Cioutat’. After crossing ‘Chasselas Cioutat’ with native, North Dakota isolated, wild riverbank grapes (V. riparia) and two interspecific breeding parents (‘Frontenac gris’ and ‘E.S. 5-8-17’), we observed developmental transitions within leaf shape of young seedling grapevines. Newly emerged leaves became progressively more lobed between main veins as seedlings exited juvenility. However, the targeted compound leaf form was not observed in outcrossed progeny, with one rare exception. For these reasons, grapevines were maintained under greenhouse conditions and advanced to the next generation. Within the first generation of inbreeding, segregation was observed for the distinct compound leaf trait. On-going work to isolate quantitative trait loci is merging genetic maps from multiple sequencing technologies with image analysis to create the first high-resolution understanding of genetic control of compound leaf shape in grapevines. Overall, these efforts have provided the foundation for future breeding aimed at incorporating functional leaf shapes (compound leaf morphology) in the vineyard. Future work in North Dakota grapevine management may need to focus on techniques that promote winter survival and early ripening. Future breeding efforts should continue to focus on the use of novel germplasm material to overcome biotic stresses, improve fruit quality, and increase environmental resistance

The effects of salient cues on behavioral ratings

Seventy-two subjects participated in this study of the relative importance of various types of verbal and behavioral information in the rating process. The levels of individual performance for two football players and the level of the performance of the team on which they played were manipulated using written descriptions so that subjects believed that the players and team were either good or poor. Subjects then viewed one of two films of these players which featured either good or poor objective performance for the players and, following the film, evaluated the two players on two forms of rating scales and a questionnaire. It was found that the subjects tended to link the performance of the individuals with that of the team so that good team performance led to higher rankings for the two players.Thesis (M.A.

Impact of Steam Extraction and Maceration Duration on Wines from Frozen ‘Frontenac’ Must

The enology industry in North Dakota is extremely young, with less than twenty years of existence. At times throughout the development of the North Dakota viticulture and enology industries, commercial wine producers have elected to purchase or store fresh harvested grapes as frozen musts. To investigate the fermentation outcomes related to skin contact for red grapevine musts, a postfreeze fermentation experiment was conducted with fruit from ‘Frontenac’, one of the most widely grown red grapevines in the Upper Midwest U.S. and North Dakota. Four fermentation treatments were applied to frozen ‘Frontenac’ grapevine musts: steam juice extraction, rosé, 1 day after inoculation (DAI) skin contact, and 9 DAI skin contact. Samples were collected daily for ten days and analyzed for fermentation progress and spectrophotometric monitoring of wine color attributes and total phenolics. The final wines were analyzed two years after bottling. Steam-extracted musts were initially darkest; however, they were lighter as final wines than the 9 DAI wines and similar to rosé wines in lightness. Total phenolics were greatest for 9 DAI wines and total red pigments were lowest for steam-extracted wines. While differences between treatments were detected, the wines remained visually similar; this indicates that color extraction within the freeze–thaw processes of musts may obliterate subtly and make it difficult to produce wines of light color when stored under these conditions. Continued work with additional grapevines beyond ‘Frontenac’ may help fine-tune must and fermentation extraction procedures for small-scale wineries growing cold-hardy grapevines

Cold-Hardy Grape Cultivar Winter Injury and Trunk Re-Establishment Following Severe Weather Events in North Dakota

Extreme winter temperatures during the 2018–2019 dormant season contributed to trunk collapse and complete trunk death of numerous genotypes throughout a diverse grapevine planting in eastern North Dakota, USA. Through the early portion of the dormant season, 12 genotypes were screened to identify lethal temperature exotherms of primary buds; from these results, none were anticipated to be fully prepared to survive the −37 °C minimum temperature recorded in the region. Trunk collapse, death, and survival were monitored for 35 replicated genotypes. New trunks were retrained from suckers and monitored for growth following trunk removal. Only five genotypes exceeded 50% trunk survival at the end of the 2019 growing season, ‘Valiant’, ‘King of the North’, ‘John Viola’, ‘Baltica’, and ‘Bluebell’. Following re-establishment, ‘La Crescent’ was the most vigorous genotype with the largest sucker circumference, sucker length, and internode length. Nearly all genotypes evaluated produced suckers with lengths approaching the high-wire trellis height (1.8 m), designating their potential for cordon retraining in 2020. Cumulatively, however, the lethal temperature exotherm results and the trunk survival examination indicate a harrowing need for investigation of new management practices (such as protected training systems) and the generation of new cold-hardy genotypes to enhance productivity under standard unprotected systems