44 research outputs found
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ β ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°
The history and the present state ofΒ the legal deposit, asΒ aΒ main source ofΒ the national library resources are reflected inΒ the article. The reasons negatively influencing the quality ofΒ acquisition are marked byΒ the author. The steps and measures toΒ improve the effectiveness ofΒ legal deposit system are proposed.ΠΒ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΒ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠ°Β β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Β ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠ°
Copolymer of chitosan with acrylamide: electron beam stimulated synthesis, structure and properties
The aim of this research was to obtain the grafted copolymer of chitosan with acrylamide using the electron beam irradiation. Radiation dose was varied from 6 to 160 kGy. The highest yield of the product was observed at radiation dose of 12β40 kGy. Further increase in the dose caused a decrease in the product yield as well as its solubility in water. Using gel permeation chromatography, it was confirmed that unreacted chitosan remained in the product. NMR study of the water-soluble part of the product obtained under the doses of 6, 12, and 20 kGy showed that the length of the side chains of grafted acrylamide was about 2 elementary units. Investigation of chitosan solutions by means of dynamic light scattering revealed the presence of chitosan agglomerates in the solution. The possibility of obtaining dense films was demonstrated. Mechanical treatment of the copolymer in the ball mill caused an increase in the solubility of the samples obtained even at radiation doses of 80 and 160 kGy. It was determined by means of chromatographic methods that there were no products with low molecular weight in the ball-milled product, and unreacted chitosan did not undergo mechanocracking during the mechanical treatment
Radiation-Thermal Synthesis of Copolymers of Chitosan with Acrylamide as a Means of Betulin Delivering
Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ
ΠΈΡΠΎΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠβΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π»Ρ-ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ
Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ,
ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ
Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ. ΠΠ°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π±Π΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°
Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π° Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ pH ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΠΈΡΠΎΠ·Π°Π½Π° Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Graft copolymers of chitosan with acrylamide were obtained by the radiation-thermal method using accelerated electrons. The formation of graft copolymers was confirmed by IR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. It is shown that the efficiency and degree of grafting depend on the dose of ionizing radiation, and pass through a maximum with increasing dose. The conditions for obtaining copolymers with a high yield of the product were found. The resulting copolymers were used to obtain betulin composites using mechanochemical processing. It has been shown that the rate of release of betulin into an aqueous solution during the dissolution of the composite depends on the pH of the solution, which makes it possible to consider mechanocomposites based on copolymers of chitosan with acrylamide as promising means for controlled drug deliver
The Structure of Carbon Gels Obtained by Carbonization of Organic Xerogels Based on Larch Bark Tannins and Pine Cellulose
ΠΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π³Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·ΠΎΠ»Ρ-Π³Π΅Π»Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ΄Π° Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ½Ρ. ΠΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΠΠ’, Π²Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ½-ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π³Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡ, ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ,
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ. Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Ρ (10 ΠΈ 20 ΠΌΠ°Ρ%), ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΌ 22.83 ΠΈ 21.54 Π½ΠΌ. ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°
ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π»Ρ Π² ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π³Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ
Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π΅Π»Π΅. ΠΠ°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ
Π³Π΅Π»Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ½-ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π³Π΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ 20
ΠΌΠ°Ρ% ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π»Ρ (ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ 754 ΠΌ2/Π³, ΠΈΠ· Π½ΠΈΡ
80 % (606 ΠΌ2/Π³) ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ
Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ). ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ
ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ½-ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
Π³Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Ρ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΅Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ (ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π»Ρ) ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π»ΡFor the first time, it was proposed to obtain carbon gels by carbonization of organic gels synthesized by sol-gel condensation of formaldehyde with larch bark tannins and pine cellulose. According to the BET method, the introduction of cellulose into the composition of an organic tannin-
formaldehyde gel changes such characteristics of the porous structure of the obtained carbon gels as specific surface area, total pore volume, micropore surface area, micro- and mesopore volume, and average pore diameter. The development of the porous structure of carbon gels obtained with the use of dissolved cellulose additives (10 and 20 wt%) occurs as a result of the formation of mesopores with an average diameter of 22.83 and 21.54 nm. The introduction of cellulose aerogel powder into the original organic gel promotes the formation of micropores in the resulting carbon gel. The most developed microporous structure has a carbon gel obtained by carbonization of an organic tannin-cellulose gel containing 20 wt% cellulose aerogel (specific surface 754 m2/g, of which 80 % (606 m2/g) relates to the surface of micropores). Using scanning electron microscopy, it was found that the surface morphology of carbon gels obtained by carbonization of organic tannin-cellulose gels may be controlled by varying both the concentration of cellulose and its state (cellulose solution or cellulose aerogel powder) during the synthesis of the initial organic ge
Π‘ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ Β«ΠΠ£Π‘Β» Π£ ΠΠΠ¦ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ Π‘ ΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ Π’ΠΠΠΠΠΠ (ΠΠΠΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠ£Π§ΠΠ)
HighlightsFibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is an idiopathic, non-atherosclerotic muscular layer artery lesion predominantly affecting the carotid and renal arteries. This pathology is quite rare in the general population and is most often diagnosed in women. In this article, on the example of a clinical case, up-to-date information is presented regarding the features of the clinical picture, diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms in patients with FMD, which may be useful for physicians of different specialties.Β AbstractArterial hypertension in young people is most common cause of another disease. The task of the physician who encounters such a patient is to make up a specific planΒ for further action.Despite the low fibromuscular dysplasia incidence in the population, this disease is relevant for differential diagnosis in young patients with arterial hypertension. The presented clinical case clearly shows that a timely diagnosis and timely treatment can help to prevent the development of complications and improve the patient's quality of life.ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ€ΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΡ β ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½. Π ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ Π€ΠΠ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ.Β Π Π΅Π·ΡΠΌΠ΅ΠΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ
Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ. Π Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎ-ΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉ Π½Π°Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΠ· ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²
Extraction of Brown Coals from Kansk-Achinsk and Lena Basins with Toluene and Water Containing Fluids
The conversion of different brown coals from the Kansk-Achinsk and Lena Basins in an aqueous
medium and in toluene containing mixtures with water and tetralin additives was studied under
supercritical conditions over the temperature range of 375-550 Β°C and at pressures from 7 to 40
MPa. It was found that the liquefaction of brown coals in the medium of toluene solvent with small
amount of hydrogen-donor tetralin co-solvent effectively occurred at low temperature 400 Β°C. On the
other hand, coal methanation, hydrolysis, and oxidation reactions with the predominant generation of
methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen prevailed in the water containing mediums. In a supercritical
toluene at 440 Β°C, the addition of a small amount of water (15 %) stimulated destruction of coals with
the predominant production of liquid products and moderate gas yields. The use of calcium oxide,
sodium hydroxide and hematite as the catalysts increased the yields of liquid products.ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΈ Π²
ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ»Π° Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ 375-550Β°Π‘ ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡ 7 Π΄ΠΎ 40 MPa. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ»Π° Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΉ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 4000 Β°C. Π Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² (ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½Π°, Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°).Π ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ»Π° Π² ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ 400Β°Π‘ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ (15 %) ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈ Π³Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ²
The Effect of Hydromorphism on Soils and Soil Organic Matter during the Primary Succession Processes of Forest Vegetation on Ancient Alluvial Sands of the European North-East of Russia
The article considers the role of hydromorphism in the soil formation processes on ancient alluvial sandy deposits at the primary succession period. Soil organic matter was given special attention. The studies were carried out in the European north-east of Russia (the Komi Republic) in the middle taiga subzone in the territory of a building-sand quarry (61°57′35″ N, 50°36′22″ E) and background sites near the quarry. The authors analyzed the morphological structure of soil profiles, and the principal physical-chemical properties of mature and young soils forming under pine forests. Formation of forest litter and humus-accumulative horizons, as well as soil organic matter accumulation were thoroughly studied. Already in the fourth–fifth succession decades, the soils in a series of increasing hydromorphism actively demonstrated regularities that are normally characteristic of background soils, for example, increase in acidity, silt fraction, carbon and nitrogen reserves. Against moisture deficiency, the accumulation rate of organic carbon became slow and amounted to 0.07–0.11 t ha−1 year−1. The excessive soil moisture content increased the rate up to 0.38–0.58 t ha−1 year−1 due to the conservation of plant material in the form of peat. The upper 50-cm profile layer of young soil contains Corg stock 3–5 times less than that of background soils. The major soil-forming processes are litter formation and podzolization in drained conditions, litter formation in conditions of high moisture, and peat formation and gleization against excessive moisture
Influence of Mineral Components on Reactionary Ability of Brown Coal at Steam Gasification in the Conditions of a High Pressure
The goal of this paper is to gain a fundamental understanding about steam gasification of different brown coal chars under low temperature and high pressure. The coals from different deposits of Kansk-Achinsk Basin, Lena Basin and from Yallourn Basin (for comparison) were used to study the role of the naturally occurring metals on the physico-chemical properties of the chars and steam gasification reactivity. The data on how the preliminary decationization with solution of hydrochloric acid affects the structural characteristics of brown coal chars and their gasification reactivities are presented. The importance of controlling parameters (such as structural characteristics of carbon and naturally occurring metals) in the physico-chemical properties of the chars, in the gasification reactivity and in the textural properties of gasified chars. The concentration of calcium and catalytic activity of calcium species were found to be a key factor for their reactivity for steam gasification and carbon dioxide formation. Quantitative relations were revealed.Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΠ² Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎ-ΠΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Β«Π―Π»Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½Β» Π² ΠΠ²ΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ 700 Β°Π‘. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ) ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π³Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ