PRINCIPLES AND TECHNOLOGIES OF IMPROVING THE EDUCATIONAL AUTONOMY OF STUDENTS IN THE CONDITIONS OF TWO-LEVEL EDUCATION

Purpose of the study: The urgency of the problem under study is due to the need to ensure the substantial unity of the two stages of vocational education: undergraduate and graduate. In connection with the increase in the proportion and importance of independent learning activities of students, the problem of self-regulation and self-control of students in the organization of this process and the provision of conditions for the formation of educational autonomy of bachelors and undergraduates from the side of university teachers becomes more acute. The aim of the article is to determine the principles and effective technologies of organizing activities for the formation of the educational autonomy of students in a two-level education. Methodology: The leading principles of the study were the principles of human-like education and student-centered education. Results: The authors formulated the principles, presented copyright technology to ensure the educational autonomy of students. The results of the use of the technological complex in the framework of the educational activities of physical culture students are indicated. The created scientific and methodological complex allowed to improve the level of self-organization and self-government of students in educational activities. Applications of this study: Materials may be applied to solve a wide range of vocational education tasks. The results of the study may be applied by teachers of higher education in order to develop the professional creativity of students and the formation of their professional identity. Novelty/Originality of this study: The problem of the formation of the educational autonomy of students is exacerbated in the conditions of modern higher education due to the increasing proportion of independent work of students and the possibilities of an open educational environment. The originality of the research lies in the development of technology for the use of anthropic educational technologies, focused more on students' activities, rather than regulating the activities of university teachers

Survival of Civilian and Prisoner Drug-Sensitive, Multi- and Extensive Drug- Resistant Tuberculosis Cohorts Prospectively Followed in Russia

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Beijing clades of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are associated with differential survival in HIV-negative Russian patients

We conducted a prospective study to establish factors associated with survival in tuberculosis patients in Russia including social, clinical and pathogen-related genetic parameters. Specifically we wished to determine whether different strains/clades of the Beijing lineage exerted a differential effect of survival. HIV-negative culture-confirmed cases were recruited during 2008-2010 across Samara Oblast and censored in December 2011. Molecular characterization was performed by a combination of spoligotyping, multilocus VNTR typing and whole genome sequencing (WGS). We analyzed 2602 strains and detected a high prevalence of Beijing family (n=1933; 74%) represented largely by two highly homogenous dominant clades A (n=794) and B (n=402) and non-A/non-B (n=737). Multivariable analysis of 1366 patients with full clinical and genotyping data showed that multi-and extensive drug resistance (HR = 1.86; 95%CI: 1.52, 2.28 and HR = 2.19; 95%CI: 1.55, 3.11) had the largest impact on survival. In addition older age, extensive lung damage, shortness of breath, treatment in the past and alcohol abuse reduced survival time. After adjustment for clinical and demographic predictors there was evidence that clades A and B combined were associated with poorer survival than other Beijing strains (HR = 0.48; 95%CI 0.34, 0.67). All other pathogen-related factors (polymorphisms in genes plcA, plcB, plcC, lipR, dosT and pks15/1) had no effect on survival. In conclusion, drug resistance exerted the greatest effect on survival of TB patients. Nevertheless we provide evidence for the independent biological effect on survival of different Beijing family strains even within the same defined geographical population. Better understanding of the role of different strain factors in active disease and their influence on outcome is essential. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

COVID-19-Associated Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Russia

We studied the risk factors, etiology, clinical features and the effectiveness of therapy of COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA) in adult patients. In this retrospective study, we included 45 patients with proven (7%) and probable (93%) CAPA. The ECMM/ISHAM, 2020 criteria were used to diagnose CAPA. A case-control study was conducted to study the risk factors of CAPA; the control group included 90 adult COVID-19 patients without IA. In CAPA patients, the main underlying diseases were diabetes mellitus (33%), and hematological and oncological diseases (31%). The probability of CAPA developing significantly increased with lymphocytopenia >10 days (OR = 8.156 (3.056–21.771), p = 0.001), decompensated diabetes mellitus (29% vs. 7%, (OR = 5.688 (1.991–16.246), p = 0.001)), use of glucocorticosteroids (GCS) in prednisolone-equivalent dose > 60 mg/day (OR = 4.493 (1.896–10.647), p = 0.001) and monoclonal antibodies to IL-1ß and IL-6 (OR = 2.880 (1.272–6.518), p = 0.01). The main area of localization of CAPA was the lungs (100%). The clinical features of CAPA were fever (98% vs. 85%, p = 0.007), cough (89% vs. 72%, p = 0.002) and hemoptysis (36% vs. 3%, p = 0.0001). Overall, 71% of patients were in intensive care units (ICU) (median—15.5 (5–60) days), mechanical ventilation was used in 52% of cases, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) occurred at a rate of 31%. The lung CT scan features of CAPA were bilateral (93%) lung tissue consolidation (89% vs. 59%, p = 0.004) and destruction (47% vs. 1%, p = 0.00001), and hydrothorax (26% vs. 11%, p = 0.03). The main pathogens were A. fumigatus (44%) and A. niger (31%). The overall survival rate after 12 weeks was 47.2%

Core common clinical and demographic characteristics of patients from the 2002-3 TB Cohort and 2008 XDRTB Cohort^*.

<p>*Note: 3 people do not contribute any survival time data.</p

Uni- and multivariate Cox regression models of predictors of death.

<p>*Three people died on the same date as diagnosis and hence do not contribute any time to the analysis.</p><p>**In the multivariate Cox model age was taken as a continuous variable.</p>∧<p>Patients without available DST results from 2002-3 TB Cohort are excluded from the analysis.</p>#<p>All variables from univariate analysis significant at 10% significance level are included into multivariate analysis (2002-3 TB Cohort); multivariate analysis was not performed for 2008 XDRTB Cohort as no significant variable were identified at univariate analysis in this group.</p>$<p>In 2002-3 Cohort re-treatment cases included relapses only; in 2008 XDRTB Cohort re-treatment cases include relapses, return after default, treatment after failure, chronic patients.</p

Kaplan-Meier survival curves for patients from (A) 2002-3 TB Cohort defined by MDR- vs non-MDR status and (B) 2008 XDRTB Cohort.

<p>Kaplan-Meier survival curves for patients from (A) 2002-3 TB Cohort defined by MDR- vs non-MDR status and (B) 2008 XDRTB Cohort.</p

XDR strains molecular genotypes and proportions of common mutations associated with fluroquinolone resistance.

<p>*Clusters were identified using VNTR and spoligotyping.</p><p>**The VNTR types are given as 28-digit codes corresponding to the numbers of copies of minisatellites in respective loci (please see column heading).</p