Evaluation of Nordic heritage varieties and NILs for resistance to common bunt (Tilletia caries syn. T.tritici)

A number og wheat varieties from NordGen and Allkorn were tested fro susceptibility to common bunt. Most were susceptible to common bunt which is in line with other screening experiments of randomly selected varieties. However, a few lines not previously known to be resistant were shown to have different resistance genes. None of them however were resistant to all the virulence races tested. NILs developed by MacKey were evaluated and there seem to be a potential for using some of them as differential lines for resistance gene Bt1, Bt5, and Bt9. Purification based on resistant head rows may also develop NILs with resistance to Bt6 and Bt10 and possible also Bt7 from NGB16160. A crossing program of the remaining Bt-genes was started in 2016. The NILs may be used also to support development of genetic markers of the resistance genes

Intravenous contrast media optimization at computed tomography

The administration of intravenous contrast media (IV CM) is essential for detecting lesions at most computed tomography (CT) examinations. The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate different aspects of IV CM administration that may affect the quality of the CT examination. In Study I a comparison was made between a low-osmolar contrast media (LOCM) iomeprol and the iso-osmolar contrast medium (IOCM) iodixanol, focusing on how they affect heart rate (HR), influence patient heat sensation and image quality during coronary computed angiography (CCTA). No significant difference in terms of HR interfering with the imaging protocol was observed. However, there was a larger number of arrhythmic heart beats (HB) observed when using LOCM in comparison to IOCM (p < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in image quality between the two CM. The experienced heat sensation was significantly stronger with LOCM in comparison to IOCM (visual analogue scale = 36 mm and 18 mm respectively, p< 0.05). In Study II the variation in IV CM-enhancement in Hounsfield units (HU) in the liver and the aorta in relation to different expressions of body size was studied using two different CM (LOCM iomeprol and IOCM iodixanol). A significant relationship was observed for all studied body size parameters. Three parameters had a stronger correlation to the CM-enhancement; Body weight (BW, r= -0.51 and -0.64 ), body surface area (BSA, r= -0.54 and -0.65) and lean body mass (LBM, r= -0.54 and -0.59), but there was no statistically significant difference between those. Body height (BH), body mass index (BMI) and ideal body weight (IBW) had weaker correlations to CM- enhancement of the liver and the aorta. When adjusting for differences in weight, height, age and sex between the two groups there was a significantly stronger liver enhancement with iodixanol than with iomeprol (mean difference 6 HU, p < 0.01). In Study III the correlation between liver CM-enhancement and volume pitch-corrected computed tomographic dose index (CTDIvol) and BW was studied. Liver enhancement was negatively correlated to both CTDIvol (r = -0.60) and BW (r = -0.64). In Study IV the relationship between arm positioning, BW and cardiac output (CO) versus CM-enhancement /timing during CCTA was studied. Patients were randomized into two groups. Group A (n=50) was positioned with arms resting on a pillow above their head and Group B (n=50) with their arms resting on the front panel of the CT. Statistically significant more patients in group A compared with group B (26 versus 14) showed a higher attenuation of the left atrium in comparison to the ascending aorta indicating too early scanning after IV CM injection (p=<0.05). In both groups BW and CO were statistically significantly related to the attenuation of ascending aorta (p<0.01). Conclusion: The iso-osmolar contrast medium iodixanol causes less arrhythmic HB and less heat sensation than the low-osmolar contrast medium iomeprol, but this does not significantly influence the quality at CCTA. The positioning of the arms affects contrast media timing at CCTA. CM-enhancement of the liver and aorta is affected by body size. Several parameters can be used to adjust CM dose, but none is statistically significantly better parameter than BW. However, CTDIvol can potentially replace BW when adjusting CM dose for body size. This would make it potentially feasible to individualize CM dosage automatically by the CT scanner

Recent results from the Greenland NEEM ice core

第2回極域科学シンポジウム　氷床コアセッション 11月16日（水） 国立極地研究所 2階大会議

Investigation of Starch Binding Domains for Improvement of Starch degradation

Dansk resume Stivelse er planternes primære energilager og et vigtigt næringsmiddel for pattedyr,svampe og bakterier. Stivelse deponeres i højt organiserede semi-krystallinske stivelseskorn i plastider: kloroplaster i blade (transitorisk stivelse) og amyloplaster i lagerorganer som knolde. Stivelse består udelukkende af α-1,4-bundne glukose enheder, som er organiseret enten som det stort set lineære amylose molekyle eller det forgrenede amylopektin molekyle, der indeholder α-1,6-bindinger. Rod og knold stivelse er karakteriseret ved et højt niveau af kovalent bundet fosfat. Denne stivelsesbundne fosfat har en stor effekt på både stivelsens fysiske egenskaber samt på stivelsesnedbrydning i planterne. Inkludering af fosfatestre påvirker de industrielle egenskaber, og medfører forskellige meget ønskværdige egenskaber. Enzymet der kan inkorporere fosfat grupper i stivelse er en glucan, water dikinase (GWD). GWD kan fosforylere i C-3 og C-6 positionen i glukose enhederne i stivelse, ved en dikinase reaktion der anvender β-fosfat fra ATP. Mutanter i Arabidopsis thaliana GWD1 udviser en stivelses overskud fænotype med en lavere stivelses nedbrydnings rate, hvilket påviser en forbindelse mellem stivelses fosforylering og stivelses nedbrydning. To homologe proteiner er blevet identificeret i Arabidopsis genomet, navngivet AtGWD2 og AtGWD3. Mutationer i AtGWD3 resulterede også i en stivelses overskud fænotype, som set hos AtGWD1, hvilket tyder på AtGWD3 også er involveret i stivelses nedbrydning. AtGWD3 er lokaliseret i kloroplasterne og substrat analyser viste at oprenset AtGWD3 udviser præference for fosforyleret α-glucaner og katalysere udelukkende fosforylering i C-3 positionen i glukose enhederne. Disse resultater tyder på at AtGWD1 og AtGWD3 arbejder sammen i en efterfølgende fosforyleringskaskade, som er nødvendig for nedbrydning af stivelse. Glycosyl hydrolasers nedbrydning af rå stivelse er relativ ineffektiv, da polysacharrid kæderne ofte ikke er blotlagte og tilgængelige for enzymernes aktive site. Mange stivelses nedbrydende enzymer har ekstra bindings sites i det katalytiske domæne eller på separate stivelsesbindings domæner (SBD) som muliggør denne interaktion. SBDer er klassificeret i CAZy databasen i forskellige kulhydrat bindings module (CBM)familier. AtGWD1 og AtGWD2 har et tandem repeat af SBDer som tilhører familie CBM45 og AtGWD3 har et enkelt SBD fra familie CBM20. Alle er N-terminalt lokaliseret. Formålet med dette PhD projekt har været at undersøge og karakterisere GWD3-SBDs biokemiske funktion. GWD3-SBD er blevet udtrykt succesfuldt som et isoleret domæne i E. coli og oprenset. Øget stabilitet af domænet blev opnået efter yderligere aminosyrer blev inddraget i den kodende sekvens. Binding til 5 stivelseskorn var svært at måle, og det skyldes højst sandsynligt konsekvensen af den højt specialiserede rolle som GWD3 spiller i stivelses fosforyleringen. Enzymet er reguleret i kloroplasten og kun meget specialiserede områder på stivelses kornene er egnede for fosforylering i C-3 positionen og det er svært at finde forhold, hvor alle parametre er optimale. Binding til små ligosaccharider, som β-cyclodextrins (β-CD) er blevet bestemt med Surface plasmon resonance og domænet tilhører en gruppe af lav affinitets bindere, denne kategori inkluderer ikke-hydrolyserende enzymer. Den overordnede struktur fundet hos CBM20 er ifølge en homologimodellering bevaret i GWD3-SBD og bindings site 1, som er involveret i initial binding er vel bevaret både i strukturen og på sekvens niveau. Sammenlignet med andre karakteriserede CBM20, så har GWD3-SBD et mindre loop i området omkring bindings site 2. Dette loop er under substrat binding i andre CBM20 meget fleksibelt og dette kan forklare den lavere bindings kapacitet fundet hos GWD3- SBD. Fluorescens mærkning og confocal laser scanning microskopi er blevet anvendt som en metode til at visualisere SBD og hydrolyserende enzymers, f.eks. glucoamylase og α-amylases binding til stivelseskorn. Denne metode blev anvendt sammen med transient ekspression af en yellow-fluorescent protein YFP-GWD3-SBD fusion i tobaksplanter for at verificeres stivelsesbinding

Cohesive zone modelling and the fracture process of structural tape

AbstractStructural tapes provide comparable toughness as structural adhesives at orders of magnitude lower stresses. This is potentially useful to minimize the effects of differences in thermal expansion in the joining of mixed materials. The strength properties are modelled using the cohesive zone model. Thus, a cohesive zone represents the tape, i.e. stresses in the tape are transmitted to the substrates through tractions determined by the separations of the surfaces of substrates. This simplification allows for structural analysis of large complex structures. The relation between the traction and the separation is measured experimentally using methods based on the path independence of the J-integral. Repeated experiments are performed at quasi-static loading. A mixed mode cohesive law is adapted to the experimental data. The law is implemented as a UMAT in Abaqus. Simulations show minor thermal distortions due to thermal loading and substantial structural strength in mechanical loading of a mixed material structure

Negativ rättskraft i dispositiva tvistemål - "Behovet av en klar och lättillämpad regel"

Reglerna och läran om rättskraften är ett av de mest omdiskuterade ämnena inom svensk civilprocessrätt. Det råder ett systematiskt samband mellan RB 17:11 och 13:3 som är av vikt för att förstå gällande rätt. Förståelsen för rättskraftsläran och gällande rätt kompliceras dock av ett antal rättsfall. Kontentan av praxis är att vissa alternativa yrkanden prekluderas av domens rättskraft och det kan föreligga rättegångshinder fastän sådana yrkanden aldrig har framställts av kärande eller prövats av domstol. HD har i ett rättsfall framhållit att den negativa rättskraften ska begränsas till samma rättsföljd eller en rättsföljd som är alternativ och ekonomiskt likvärdig. HD motiverade det med behovet av en klar och lättillämpad regel. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda huruvida HD har skapat en klar och lättillämpad rättskraftsregel. Frågan är vad som utgör ett alternativt yrkande och hur det ska fastställas. Vidare är frågan vad rättsutvecklingen innebär för förståelsen av saken. Frågan är också om samma rättskraftsregel gäller för alla tvistemål och situationer. I kap. 2 behandlas vissa utgångspunkter om den negativa rättskraften. I kap. 3 redovisas för etablerade rättskraftsteorier, idéer och grundläggande begrepp. Vidare behandlas reglerna om taleändring och förhållandet till 17:11. I kap. 4 behandlas och analyserats relevanta rättsfall och uttalanden i doktrin. I kap. 5 kommenteras slutligen uppsatsens syfte och frågeställningar. Sammanfattningsvis är rättsläget klart i det avseendet att alternativa rättsföljder som är ekonomiskt likvärdiga utgör alternativa yrkanden. Sådana yrkanden prekluderas av domens rättskraft. Däremot utgör inte alla alternativa rättsföljder också alternativa yrkanden. Begreppet ekonomiskt likvärdig rättsföljd medför vissa tolkningsproblem. Vidare är det oklart om det fortfarande råder symmetri mellan 17:11 och 13:3. HD har dessutom gett uttryck för att det inte på ett enhetligt sätt går att bestämma hur långt rättskraften sträcker sig i alla situationer. Sammantaget medför det en viss osäkerhet om gällande rätt och förståelsen för rättskraften.The concept of res judicata is an intensively discussed area in Swedish civil procedural law. There is a fundamental correlation of legal and systematic importance between article 11 in chapter 17 and article 3 in chapter 13 in the Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure (RB 17:11, 13:3). However, it should be noted that the case law has complicated the understanding of the concept. This has, amongst other things, lead to the effect that certain claims can be precluded in terms of res judicata, although such claims never have been subject to judicial review (the “Theory of Precludeation”). The Swedish Supreme Court (“SSC”) has stated that it is essential to have a clear and easy rule to apply within the concept of res judicata. Although, it can be argued that the development of the Theory of Precludation do not correspond with this intention. The main purpose of this thesis is to analyze whether there is a clear and easy rule to apply. Extra focus is given to determine the precise conditions of the Theory of Precludation and how the case law has influenced the systematic relation between RB 17:11 and 13:3. Another objective is to analyze if the Theory of Precludation applies to all situations and sorts of civil cases. The main question is how to understand the concept of res judicata in the light of recent case law. Chapter 2 contains the basic rules of res judicata. Chapter 3 contains the main theories, ideas and terms. Chapter 4 contains a thorough and comprehensive analyze of relevant case law. Chapter 5 contains a broader analyze in relation to the purpose of the thesis. In summary, the systematical legal view of which sorts of claims that may be precluded in terms of res judicata is reasonably explicit. However, it still exists some doubts concerning the precise prerequisite and conditions in order to apply the Theory of Precludeation. Moreover it should be emphasized that the case law also influences the understanding for the rules and theories regarding the whole concept of res judicata. On balance, it is uncertain if the concept of res judicata is clear and easy to apply

Avskaffa allmän värnplikt? -En debattanalys av den statliga utredningen Totalförsvarsplikt och frivillighet

In June 2009 A.D. the Government Offices of Sweden presented an investigation about conscription as the recruitment system to Swedish Armed Forces. Behind the investigation stood a parliamentary committe with the specific mission to investigate how the recruitment should be organised in the future. The committee suggest to abolish conscription and adopt voluntary recruitment. Two members of the committe wrote a reservation which is attached to the investigation. With the investigation by the hand, my purpose of this thesis is to do an analysis of the debate for and against conscription as the way to provide the Armed Forces with personnel. The analysis consists of two parts. For the first I describe the arguments for and against conscription. For the second I test the proof ability of the arguments. In the last part I both test how tenable the arguments are and how relevant the arguments are. The result shows that the argumentation for abolish conscription is weak. The only strong argument, written by the authors to the reservation, is that the argumention for abolish conscription is build upon a number of vague assumptions

Optimization of intravenous contrast media at computed tomography

The administration of intravenous contrast media (IV CM) is essential for detecting lesions at most computed tomography (CT) examinations. The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate different aspects of IV CM administration that may affect the quality of the CT examination. In Study I a comparison was made between a low osmolar contrast media (LOCM) iomperol and the iso osmolar contrast media (IOCM) iodixanol, focusing on how they may affect heart rate, heart rate variability, experienced patient heat sensation and image quality at coronary computed angiography (CCTA) in 100 patients. No significant difference in terms of heart rate interfering with the imaging protocol was observed. However, a greater number of arrhythmic heart beats (hb) was observed with the use of LOCM than with IOCM (P< 0.001). There was no difference in subjective image quality between the two CM. The experienced heat sensation was stronger when receiving LOCM than when receiving IOCM (visual analogue scale = 36 mm and 18 mm respectively, P< 0.05). In Study II the enhancement of liver and aorta was related to different measures of body size and to the use of two different CM (LOCM iomeprol and IOCM iodixanol) in 100 patients undergoing thoraco-abdominal CT. Three parameters had a stronger correlation to the CM enhancement in liver and aorta; Body weight (BW, r= -0.51 and -0.64), body surface area (BSA, r= -0.54 and -0.65) and lean body mass (LBM, r= -0.54 and -0.59), but there was no statistically significant difference between those. The parameters body height (BH), body mass index (BMI) and ideal body weight (IBW) had weaker correlations to CM enhancement of liver and aorta. When adjusting for differences in weight, height, age and sex between the two groups there was a stronger liver enhancement after injection of the IOCM iodixanol than after injection of the LOCM iodixanol (mean difference 6 HU, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The iso osmolar contrast media iodixanol causes less arrhythmic hb and less heat sensation than the low osmolar contrast media iomeprol, but this does not significantly influence the quality at CCTA. The CM enhancement is affected by body size. There is no statistically significant better parameter than BW to adjust for, why this parameter is recommended for dose adjustments. When performing hepatic imaging the IOCM iodixanol might be preferred to the LOCM iomeprol due to a stronger CM enhancement, but confirming studies are required