S1P may have more power to indicate atherosclerosis (PAD and CS) than HDL-C.

<p>Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated for S1P and HDL-C measured in controls (N = 174) and atherosclerotic patients (N = 132). The dotted line represents the line of identity. *the AUC for S1P and HDL-C are significantly different (P <0.05)</p

Association of serum-S1P levels with risk factors for atherosclerosis and comorbidities in atherosclerotic patients.

<p>Association of serum-S1P levels with risk factors for atherosclerosis and comorbidities in atherosclerotic patients.</p

Association of blood parameters with serum-S1P in controls and atherosclerotic patients pre-treatment.

<p>Association of blood parameters with serum-S1P in controls and atherosclerotic patients pre-treatment.</p

Serum-S1P levels rise after treatment.

<p>Serum-S1P was measured in 35 patients between one and six months after treatment (recovery cohort). <b>A</b>; serum S1P in the recovery cohort (N = 35) was compared before and after treatment to restore blood flow. Data are presented as median with maximum, minimum and 3^rd and 1^st quartiles. Statistical analysis was performed by two-tailed, paired T-test. <b>B</b>; the recovery cohort was classified into two groups at a time, CS patients (N = 8) and PAD patients (N = 27) or as to the form of treatment (open (N = 28) or endovascular (N = 7)). The serum-S1P concentrations (mean +/- SD) before and after treatment are shown for each group. Statistical analysis was performed by two-tailed T-test. *P<0.05; n.s. = non-significant. <b>C</b>; using data obtained from the recovery cohort, a regression analysis was performed for platelet numbers pre-treatment and serum-S1P in recovery (r = Spearman correlation coefficient).</p

Association of log-transformed ceDNA with 3-month mortality.

<p>Association of log-transformed ceDNA with 3-month mortality.</p

Multivariate regression analysis with backward elimination.

<p>Multivariate regression analysis with backward elimination.</p

Characteristics of the recovery group.

<p>Characteristics of the recovery group.</p

Association of ceDNA with comorbidities.

<p>Association of ceDNA with comorbidities.</p

Serum-S1P concentrations in healthy controls and atherosclerotic patients.

<p>Serum-S1P was measured in 174 blood donors (controls, Co) and 132 atherosclerotic patients (PAD + CS), 102 with primary PAD and 30 with primary CS. <b>A</b>; frequency histograms (percent of subjects vs. serum-S1P) are shown for controls (grey bars) and atherosclerotic patients (black bars). <b>B</b>; data are presented as median with maximum, minimum and 3^rd and 1^st quartiles. Statistical analysis was performed by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test with correction for multiple comparisons. **Indicates significance of difference to controls (P<0.001). <b>C</b>; controls and atherosclerotic patients were divided into two groups each to yield one group each with the same median age of 60 years. Four groups with the following median age were formed: Controls (36 years, N = 105 and 60 years, N = 69) and patients (75 years, N = 79 and 60 years, N = 53). Serum-S1P for each group was compared to all other groups using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test with correction for multiple comparisons. ** P<0.001, n.s. = non-significant (P>0.05).</p

Characterization of VTE patients.

<p>Characterization of VTE patients.</p