Att arbeta i nya miljöer : En undersökning av svenska företags varumärkeshantering i sociala medier

Gender and immune status can considerably impact on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of macromolecular and small molecule drugs. However, these effects are often not considered in drug development. We aimed to quantitatively evaluate effects of gender and immune status on the PK of PEGylated interferon in frequently used murine models. Chronically cannulated female athymic nude and female and male immunocompetent C57Bl/6J mice (n = 24 in total) received a single intravenous or subcutaneous (s.c.) dose of PEGylated interferon. Serial blood samples were taken for 48 h. Noncompartmental analysis and population PK modeling with covariate analysis were performed to evaluate the data. The PK of PEGylated interferon followed a three compartment disposition model with two sequential compartments for s.c. absorption. Female nude mice had significantly higher plasma clearance than C57Bl/6J mice (0.503 vs. 0.397 mL/h). Male mice had a slower absorption rate constant (0.138 h) and extent (46.2%) of s.c. absorption than female mice (0.274 in C57Bl/6J and 0.374 h in nude, 60.8% in both). Thus, gender and immune status significantly impacted on important PK parameters of PEGylated interferon in murine models commonly utilized in drug development. It is critical to take into account these differences when choosing animal models and conducting translational pharmacology research

Pharmacy Student Challenges and Strategies towards Initial COVID-19 Curriculum Changes

Due to COVID-19, tertiary institutions were forced to deliver knowledge virtually, which proposed challenges for both institutions and students. In this study, we aimed to characterize pharmacy students’ challenges and strategies during COVID-19 curriculum changes, therefore developing a comprehensive understanding of students’ learning, wellbeing, and resilience in the ever-changing situation. Data were collected from student written reflections across four year levels at one school of pharmacy from March–May 2020. In addition, data were collected from written responses of second-year pharmacy students responding to prompted questions. The data were qualitatively analyzed inductively by five coders using NVivo 12. For each piece of data, two coders independently coded the data, calculated the inter-rater agreement, and resolved discrepancies. The most coded challenges were ‘negative emotional response’ and ‘communication barrier during virtual learning’. The most coded strategies were ‘using new technology’ and ‘time management’. This study allows researchers and education institutions to gain an overview of pharmacy students’ experiences during COVID-19, therefore helping universities to provide students with necessary support and techniques on how to self-cope with COVID-19 as well as stressful events in the future