The aberrant second premolar

Second premolars are one of the last successional teeth to erupt in the maxillary and mandibular arches. Early loss of primary teeth or first permanent molars can lead to disrupted eruption of these teeth. This article gives an overview of the possible aetiology and treatment of the aberrant second premolar

Tratamento ortodôntico-cirúrgico da assimetria facial esquelética: relato de caso Orthodontic-surgical treatment of skeletal facial asymmetry: case report

INTRODUÇÃO: as assimetrias faciais representam um desequilíbrio entre as estruturas esqueléticas homólogas da face. A maioria das pessoas apresenta algum grau de assimetria facial, pois é rara a condição de perfeita simetria. Todavia, somente quando é perceptível aos olhos do paciente, essa assimetria passa a ser relevante. Em tal condição, a correção ortocirúrgica ou o tratamento ortodôntico são possibilidades normalmente adotadas. OBJETIVO: o presente trabalho, baseado em uma revisão de literatura, é ilustrado por um caso clínico cujo tratamento consistiu em cirurgia ortognática Le Fort I para avanço e rotação da maxila e, na mandíbula, o tratamento foi conservador. CONCLUSÃO: o conhecimento da queixa principal e da expectativa do paciente e exames de diagnóstico bem realizados são itens importantes na decisão do plano de tratamento e no sucesso do resultado final.<br>INTRODUCTION: Facial asymmetries consist of an imbalance between the homologous skeletal structures of the face. Most people present some degree of facial asymmetry, since a state of perfect symmetry is rare. This common asymmetry only becomes relevant when it is perceivable by the patient. In this situation, either orthodontic surgical correction or orthodontic treatment is normally chosen. OBJECTIVE: This study, based on literature review, has been illustrated by a case report comprising Le Fort I orthognathic surgery for maxillary advancement and rotation, with conservative treatment for the mandible. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the patient's chief complaint and expectations, as well as proper diagnostic exams, are important factors to decide the treatment plan and for the final treatment outcome

Facial soft tissue thicknesses in Australian adult cadavers

Craniofacial identification methods heavily rely on the knowledge of average soft tissue depths. This study measured soft tissue thicknesses of an Australian cadaver sample (N533) using published needle puncture techniques at 13 anatomical locations. Data were compared and contrasted with other studies that used essentially identical samples and methods. Full descriptive statistics were calculated for measurements made in this study and means, medians, and modes were reported. Differences between mean values for males and females were found to be minimal (2.2mm or less) and considerable overlap was found between the groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the soft tissue depths of the sexes (P40.05). These findings indicate that differences between male and female soft tissue depths are of little practical significance for craniofacial identification and, therefore, data (means, standard deviations, and sample sizes) reported for Australians were pooled across the sexes and the studies. Although these new pooled means have increased statistical power, data distributions at some landmarks were skewed and thus emphasis is placed on median and modes reported for this study rather than upon the collapsed data means