Specific binding of okadaic acid, a new tumor promoter in mouse skin

AbstractThe tumor promoter okadaic acid binds specifically to a particulate as well as a cytosolic fraction of various mouse tissues, e.g., skin, brain, lung and colon. The KD value was 21.7 nM for receptors in the particulate fraction and 1.0 nM for those in the cytosolic fraction of mouse skin. The specific binding of [3H]okadaic acid to the particulate fraction of mouse skin was inhibited dose-dependently by okadaic acid, but not okaidaic acid tetramethyl ether, an inactive compound, or by other tumor promoters, such as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and teleocidin. The results suggest a new pathway of tumor promotion mediated through the okadaic acid receptor(s)

Dolerocypris Savatenalinton & Suttajit, 2016, s.s.

<i>Dolerocypris</i> <p> Within the genus <i>Dolerocypris,</i> the taxonomic position of <i>D. marina</i> Hartmann, 1965 is equivocal, belonging to either <i>Dolerocypris</i> s.s. or <i>Tanycypris</i> s.s. Hartmann (1965) described this species based on specimens from Chile and placed it in the genus <i>Dolerocypris</i>. Subsequently, it was transferred to <i>Tanycypris</i> (Broodbakker 1984), which belongs to the subfamily Cypricercinae McKenzie, 1971. However, this species was not included in the recent revision of <i>Tanycypris</i> (Nagler <i>et al.</i> 2014) due to loss of type material. In his original description, Hartmann (1965) did not characterize the caudal rami attachment, and thus the presence of Triebel’s loop as a unique character of the Cypricercinae cannot be verified. On the other side, no character allowed for an unquestionable characterization as a member of the genus <i>Dolerocypris</i>. Its taxonomic position thus remains uncertain and we here exclude this species from our discussion on the genus <i>Dolerocypris</i>. <i>Dolerocypris fasciata</i> (O.F.Müller, 1776) presented here is the first record for Thailand, and <i>Dolerocypris sisaketensis</i> <b>n. sp.</b> described in the present contribution brings the world's total species number of the genus to six. <i>Dolerocypris</i> belongs to Dolerocypridinae, a monogeneric subfamily. Although this genus has thus far been recorded from many zoogeographical regions, the Palaearctic, Nearctic, Neotropical and Oriental regions (Martens & Savatenalinton 2011, present study), it occurs in specific areas.</p> <p> At present, there seems to be two lineages of <i>Dolerocypris</i>: the South American and the Eurasian lineages. The former comprises two species: <i>D. opesta</i> Brehm, 1932 and <i>D. tenuis</i> (Daday, 1905), while the latter contains four species (<i>D. fasciata</i> (O.F.Müller, 1776), <i>D. sinensis</i> Sars, 1903, <i>D. ikeyai</i> Smith & Kamiya, 2006, and <i>D. sisaketensis</i> <b>n. sp.</b>). <i>Dolerocypris opesta,</i> which was described based on material from Guatemala (Brehm 1932), has thus far been considered endemic to the Neotropical region. <i>Dolerocypris tenuis</i> was described from Paraguay by Daday (1905). The occurrence of this species in the Philippines (Tressler 1937) is comparatively doubtful as the information and illustrations on its morphology were insufficient in the publication and this hampers confirmation of the species occurrence.</p> <p> In the Eurasian lineage, two species appear to be endemic, one to the Palaearctic (<i>D. ikeyai</i>) and one to the Oriental (<i>D. sisaketensis</i> <b>n. sp.</b>) region. The former species has so far been recorded from Japan (Smith & Kamiya 2006) and Korea (Smith <i>et al.</i> 2014), while the latter species is here described from Thailand. The other two species of this lineage have wide-ranging distributions: the Palaearctic, Oriental and Nearctic. <i>Dolerocypris sinensis</i> was considered a Palaearctic species, often reported from the Mediterranean vicinity (see overview of distribution in Meisch 2000). It has also been reported from Japan (Okubo 1972), Korea (Kim & Min 1991a, Smith <i>et al.</i> 2014), North America (Gray <i>et al.</i> 2010), Macedonia, Albania (Lorenschat <i>et al.</i> 2014) and Turkey (Akdemir & Kulkoyluoglu 2014). The records of this species in the Oriental region were from the Philippines (Victor & Fernando 1981e) and India (Singh 1969, Harshey & Shrivastav 1983). The presence of <i>D</i>. <i>sinensis</i> in Pakistan (Mahar & Jafri 2012) was possibly a misidentification because the shape and morphology of the valves of Pakistani specimens are not congruent with the diagnostic characters of <i>D</i>. <i>sinensis</i> (see Meisch 2000). Thus, this record is here not taken into account. <i>Dolerocypris fasciata</i> was found in several countries in the Palaearctic region, e.g. Norway, Sweden, Poland, Russia, China, Japan (Meisch 2000), Korea (Kim & Min 1991a) and Turkey (Akdemir & Kulkoyluoglu 2014), whereas in the Oriental region it was encountered in Sumatra (Sars 1903, Klie 1932), Kalimantan (Victor & Fernando 1981e, k) and Thailand (present study). According to the considerable records of <i>D. sinensis</i> and <i>D. fasciata</i> from the Palaearctic and Oriental regions as mentioned above and also to the minor occurrences of these two species in the Nearctic region, it could be interpreted that these taxa originated in the Palaearctic and/or Oriental regions and subsequently were introduced to the Nearctic region. <i>Dolerocypris sinensis</i> was considered a native Asian species that was introduced to European countries (McKenzie & Moroni 1986, Garcia-Berthou <i>et al.</i> 2007). As it was frequently found in rice fields on the Iberian peninsula (Rossi <i>et al.</i> 2003, Oscoz <i>et al.</i> 2010), it is supposed to be an exotic species in this region, and a reasonable hypothesis is that it was transported there with agricultural plants, e.g. rice (McKenzie & Moroni 1986, Garcia-Berthou <i>et al.</i> 2007).</p> <p> Fossils of <i>Dolerocypris</i> species are known from the Palaearctic and Neotropics regions. The oldest known extinct <i>Dolerocypris</i> fossils are from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil (Almeida & Carmo 2013), whereas fossils of Palaearctic <i>Dolerocypris</i> are more recent: Early Miocene to Holocene (Griffiths <i>et al.</i> 1993, Hajek-Tadesse <i>et al.</i> 2009, Tunoğlu <i>et al.</i> 2012). Therefore, the South American lineage is older than the Palaearctic representatives, based on fossil records at present, while to date the evolution in the Eurasian lineage cannot be judged because fossils of <i>Dolerocypris</i> have not been reported from the Oriental region yet.</p>Published as part of <i>Savatenalinton, Sukonthip & Suttajit, Maitree, 2016, A checklist of Recent non-marine ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Thailand, including descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 4067 (1)</i> on pages 27-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/270570">http://zenodo.org/record/270570</a&gt

Dolerocypris Kaufmann 1900

Genus Dolerocypris Kaufmann, 1900 Type species: Dolerocypris fasciata (O.F. Müller, 1776) Diagnosis (modified after Meisch 2000): carapace conspicuously elongated (H <1 / 2 L), laterally compressed, valves thin, LV overlaps RV, inner lamella wide anteriorly and posteriorly, terminal segment of Mx 1 -palp short, cylindrical, T 1 with a, b and d setae, basal segment of T 2 with 2 setae (d 1 and d 2), CR well developed, claws large with strong denticles, proximal seta close to proximal claw, CR attachment with two simple proximal branches.Published as part of Savatenalinton, Sukonthip & Suttajit, Maitree, 2016, A checklist of Recent non-marine ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Thailand, including descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 4067 (1) on page 13, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/27057

A checklist of Recent non-marine ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Thailand, including descriptions of two new species

Savatenalinton, Sukonthip, Suttajit, Maitree (2016): A checklist of Recent non-marine ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Thailand, including descriptions of two new species. Zootaxa 4067 (1): 1-34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.1.

Hungarocypris suranareeae Savatenalinton & Suttajit, 2016, n. sp.

&lt;i&gt;Hungarocypris suranareeae&lt;/i&gt; n. sp. &lt;p&gt;(Figures 5&ndash;9)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Holotype.&lt;/b&gt; Male, soft parts dissected in glycerine on a sealed glass slide, valves stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (MSU-ZOC.132).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Allotype.&lt;/b&gt; Female, stored like the holotype (MSU-ZOC.133).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Paratypes.&lt;/b&gt; One dissected male (MSU-ZOC.134) stored like the holotype, two whole males (MSU-ZOC.135&ndash; 136) stored dry in micropalaeontological slides, two dissected females (MSU-ZOC.137&ndash;138) stored like the holotype, two whole females (MSU-ZOC.139&ndash;140) stored dry in micropalaeontological slides and a few males and females in 70% EtOH.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Repository.&lt;/b&gt; All type specimens are deposited in the Natural History Museum, MSU, Thailand.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Type locality.&lt;/b&gt; Huai Yang reservoir, Muang district, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, collected on 13 February 2011, coordinates: 14&deg; 54΄ 30&dblac; N and 102&deg; 00΄ 01&dblac; E. Accompanying fauna: &lt;i&gt;Bradleystrandesia weberi&lt;/i&gt; (Moniez, 1892), &lt;i&gt;Bradleytriebella lineata&lt;/i&gt; (Victor &amp; Fernando, 1981), &lt;i&gt;Cypretta&lt;/i&gt; sp.1, Cypridopsine sp., &lt;i&gt;Oncocypris rostrata&lt;/i&gt; Savatenalinton, 2015, &lt;i&gt;Physocypria&lt;/i&gt; sp.2, &lt;i&gt;Physocypria&lt;/i&gt; sp.3, &lt;i&gt;Pseudocypretta maculata&lt;/i&gt; Klie, 1932, &lt;i&gt;Pseudostrandesia calapanensis&lt;/i&gt; (Tressler, 1937), &lt;i&gt;Pseudostrandesia thailandensis&lt;/i&gt; Savatenalinton &amp; Martens, 2010, &lt;i&gt;Stenocypris&lt;/i&gt; cf. &lt;i&gt;major&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Stenocypris&lt;/i&gt; cf. &lt;i&gt;orientalis&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Stenocypris derupta&lt;/i&gt; V&aacute;vra, 1906, &lt;i&gt;Strandesia kraepelini&lt;/i&gt; (M&uuml;ller, 1906), &lt;i&gt;Tanycypris siamensis&lt;/i&gt; Savatenalinton &amp; Martens, 2009.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Other localities.&lt;/b&gt; Huai Grog Lang (stream), Pak Thong Chai district, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, collected on 13 February 2011, coordinates: 14&deg; 41΄ 22&dblac; N and 102&deg; 00΄ 55&dblac; E. Accompanying fauna: &lt;i&gt;Bradleycypris vittata&lt;/i&gt; (Sars, 1903), &lt;i&gt;Bradleystrandesia weberi&lt;/i&gt; (Moniez, 1892), &lt;i&gt;Cypris subglobosa&lt;/i&gt; Sowerby, 1840, &lt;i&gt;Hemicypris ovata&lt;/i&gt; Sars, 1903, &lt;i&gt;Physocypria&lt;/i&gt; sp.2, &lt;i&gt;Physocypria&lt;/i&gt; sp.3, &lt;i&gt;Pseudocypretta maculata&lt;/i&gt; Klie, 1932, &lt;i&gt;Pseudostrandesia calapanensis&lt;/i&gt; (Tressler, 1937), &lt;i&gt;Pseudostrandesia gaetani&lt;/i&gt; Savatenalinton &amp; Martens, 2010, &lt;i&gt;Pseudostrandesia mamarilorum&lt;/i&gt; (Victor &amp; Fernando, 1981), &lt;i&gt;Stenocypris&lt;/i&gt; cf. &lt;i&gt;orientalis&lt;/i&gt;, &lt;i&gt;Strandesia kraepelini&lt;/i&gt; (M&uuml;ller, 1906), &lt;i&gt;Strandesia sanoamuangae&lt;/i&gt; Savatenalinton &amp; Martens, 2010.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Etymology.&lt;/b&gt; The new species is named after the famous historic heroine, Suranaree, of Nakhon Ratchasima Province, where it was discovered.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; Carapace in lateral view elongated, anterior margin widely rounded, posterior margin more narrowly rounded with pointed posterior extremity on RV, RV somewhat smaller than LV; Carapace in dorsal view sub-elliptical, with compressed and pointed anterior and posterior ends; LV in interior view with strongly calcified inner margin, marginal zone broad with pore canals, serration on postero-ventral part; RV in interior view similar to LV in interior view but with pointed, serrated posterior extremity; Rome organ short, Wouters organ present, aesthetasc Y of A2 short and thin, short, z1 seta short, length of aesthetasc y3 c. 4 times of accompanying seta; &beta;seta of Md-palp slim, long, set with dispersed setules; terminal segment of Mx1-palp short, spatula-shaped, two large bristles on third endite smooth; T2 with seta d2 c. twice the length of seta d1; CR with Ga and Gp subequally long, length of Ga c. half of that of ramus, Sa short (slightly less than half of Ga), Sp1 markedly long (c. 2/3 of Gp), Sp2 long, reaching tip of ramus; right prehensile palp with first segment bearing two long apical spines; second segment large, elongated with wider base, length as long as first segment; Hemipenis with LS subquadrate, blunt end, MS elongated with curved apical end, IS narrow, with pointed end.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Differential diagnosis.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Hungarocypris suranareeae&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;n. sp.&lt;/b&gt; is similar to &lt;i&gt;H. asymmetrica&lt;/i&gt; Victor &amp; Fernando, 1981 in terms of valve asymmetry, with the RV smaller than the LV. It can be distinguished by the carapace shape, which is more elongated in &lt;i&gt;H. asymmetrica,&lt;/i&gt; and the morphology of the valves. The posterior end of the left valve is rounded in &lt;i&gt;H.suranareeae&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;n. sp.&lt;/b&gt; while it is notched in &lt;i&gt;H. asymmetrica&lt;/i&gt;. The valve margin is serrated along the postero-ventral part of the LV and at the pointed posterior extremity of the RV in the new species, whereas there is no serration on valve margins in &lt;i&gt;H. asymmetrica&lt;/i&gt;. The serrated valve margin can also be found in &lt;i&gt;H. serrata&lt;/i&gt; Chen, 1983, but while this serration is only present on the RV in &lt;i&gt;H. serrata&lt;/i&gt;, it occurs on both valves in the new species.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Measurements (mean, in &micro;m).&lt;/b&gt; Female, LV (n = 2), L = 3310, H = 2000; RV (n = 2), L = 3334, H = 1834; Male, LV (n = 2), L = 2976, H = 1762; RV (n = 2), L = 3072, H = 1667.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Ecology.&lt;/b&gt; The habitats of &lt;i&gt;Hungarocypris suranareeae&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;n. sp.&lt;/b&gt; were densely covered by many macrophytes, e.g. &lt;i&gt;Hydrilla verticillata&lt;/i&gt; Royle, &lt;i&gt;Ipomoea aquatica&lt;/i&gt; Forssk, &lt;i&gt;Ludnigia&lt;/i&gt; adscendens Hara, &lt;i&gt;Salvinia cucullata&lt;/i&gt; Roxb. ex Bory, &lt;i&gt;Cyperus&lt;/i&gt; spp., &lt;i&gt;Nymphaea&lt;/i&gt; spp. The substrates contained a high proportion of organic matter. &lt;i&gt;Hungarocypris suranareeae&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;n. sp.&lt;/b&gt; has so far been encountered from two localities only: reservoir and slow-running stream. It occurred at a pH range of 7.37 &lt;b&gt;&ndash;&lt;/b&gt; 7.94, a temperature range of 25.9 &lt;b&gt;&ndash;&lt;/b&gt; 29.2 &deg;C and a DO range of 4.30 &lt;b&gt;&ndash;&lt;/b&gt; 6.37 mg/l.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description of female.&lt;/b&gt; Carapace in lateral view (Fig. 5 A) elongated, anterior margin widely rounded, posterior margin more narrowly rounded with pointed posterior extremity on RV (Fig. 5 D&ndash;E), greatest high situated at 1/3 of the length, dorsal margin arched with steep sloping down to posterior end, ventral margin straight, valve surface set with disperse shallow pits and setae (Fig. 5 C).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Carapace in dorsal view subelliptical, with compressed and pointed anterior and posterior ends, greatest width situated at mid-length.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;LV in interior view (Fig. 6 A, D&ndash;E) with strong calcified inner margin, marginal zone broad with pore canals, greatest height situated at 1/3 of length, anterior margin widely rounded, posterior margin more narrowly rounded with serration on postero-ventral part, calcified inner lamella narrow anteriorly and posteriorly, without inner list.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;RV in interior view (Fig. 6 B, F&ndash;G) with strong calcified inner margin, marginal zone broad with pore canals, greatest height situated at 1/3 of the length, anterior margin widely rounded, posterior end pointed with serration, calcified inner lamella narrow anteriorly and posteriorly, without inner list.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A1 (Fig. 7 A): first segment with proximal Wouters organ, one long dorso-subapical seta (almost reaching tip of next segment) and two long ventro-apical setae. Second segment wider than long, with one short, spine-like dorsoapical seta and short Rome organ. Third segment bearing two setae: one long dorso-apical seta, reaching tip of fifth segment, and one short ventro-apical seta, reaching half-way of next segment. Fourth segment with two long dorsal setae and two subequal, shorter ventral setae (long one reaching tip of penultimate segment, short one not reaching tip of next segment). Fifth segment dorsally with two long setae, ventrally with two (one long, one shorter) setae, shorter one reaching beyond tip of terminal segment. Penultimate segment with four long setae. Terminal segment with three (two long, one shorter) apical setae and aesthetasc y a, length of the latter equals length of shorter apical seta.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;A2 (Fig. 7 B&ndash;C): exopodite with three (one long, two short) setae, long one c. 2/3 of first endopodal segment. First endopodal segment with five long (reaching beyond tip of terminal claws) and one short natatory setae, length of shortest seta reaching more than half way penultimate segment, aesthetasc Y slim, short, ventro-apical seta long, reaching beyond tip of terminal segment, and set with spine-like setules. Penultimate segment undivided, distally with three serrated claws, aesthetasc y2 long (reaching beyond tip of terminal segment), z1 short (length c. 2.5 times of that of terminal segment), z2&ndash;z3 setae long; this segment medially with two (one long, one shorter) dorsal setae (length of short one c. 3/4 of that of long one) and four ventral setae of unequal length (t1&ndash;t4). Terminal segment with two serrated claws (GM and Gm), g-seta and aesthetasc y3, length of Gm c. 2/3 of that of GM, aesthetasc y3 longer than accompanying seta (length of aesthetasc y3 c. 4 times of accompanying seta), seta g shorter than aesthetasc y3 (length c. 3/4 of that of aesthetasc y3).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Md-palp (Fig. 7 D): first segment with two large setae (s1 and s2), one slender, long seta and &alpha;-seta, the latter long, smooth, thin with wider base. Second segment dorsally with three unequal long apical setae, shortest one reaching tip of penultimate segment; ventrally with group of three long hirsute setae, one shorter hirsute seta and &beta;seta, the latter slim, long, set with dispersed setules (not plumose). Penultimate segment consisting of three groups of setae: dorsally with group of four unequal, long, subapical setae; laterally with apical &gamma;-seta and three smooth apical setae, the former stout, hirsute, long (length c. 2 times of that of terminal segment); ventrally with two (one long, one shorter) apical setae, length of long one c. 2 times of that of short one. Terminal segment (Fig. 7 E) bearing three slim claws and four setae.Md-coxa (Fig. 6 F) normal form as that of Cyprididae.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Mx1 (Fig. 8 A) with two-segmented palp, three endites and large branchial plate; basal segment of palp with group of five long, unequal apical setae and two (one dorsally, one medially) subapical setae, the former long, the latter shorter (reaching tip of terminal segment), terminal segment short, spatula-shaped, apically with three claws and three setae. Two large bristles on third endite smooth. Sideways-directed bristles on first endite subequally long.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;T1 (Fig. 8 B): protopodite with two subequally long a-setae (length of long one c. 2 times of that of short one), long b and short c and long d-setae, distally with 15 hirsute setae of unequal length. Endopodite weakly built palp with three unequal apical setae.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;T2 (Fig. 8 C) with seta d2 c. twice the length of seta d1. Second segment with long e-seta (reaching half of next segment). Penultimate segment divided, proximal segment (a) bearing long f-seta, reaching less than tip of distal segment (b), distal segment with pair of apical setae (long g-seta, one tiny, spine-like). Terminal segment with two (one dorsally, one ventrally) apical h1 and h3 setae and serrated claw (h2).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;T3 (Fig. 8 D) cleaning limb. First segment with long d1, d2, dp setae. Second segment with long apical e-seta (length c. 3/4 of that of next segment).Third segment with medially long f-seta (reaching tip of segment). Terminal segment with apical pincer and three setae, one short h1 seta, one claw-like h2 seta and one subapical h3 seta, length of the latter c. 2/3 of that of third segment.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;CR (Fig. 8 E) well-developed, with ventral margin serrated, Ga and Gp subequally long, serrated, length of Ga c. half of that of ramus. Sa short (slightly less than half of Ga), Sp1 markedly long (c. 2/3 of Gp), Sp2 long, reaching tip of ramus.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;CR attachment (Fig. 8 F) thin, without distal branches.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description of male.&lt;/b&gt; Carapace and valves (Fig. 5 B, 6H&ndash;I) as in female, but somewhat smaller. All limbs as in female, except for last two segments of A2 (Fig. 9 A) and T1 (Fig. 9 B&ndash;C).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Setae z1 and z2 of penultimate segment of A2 transformed into claws; claw G1 reduced, appearing smaller and shorter; claw G3 reduced to seta; Gm on terminal segment of A2 reduced, appearing smaller and shorter (length slightly less than half of that of GM); each claw distally with 2 rows of strong denticles (only one row present in figure).&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;T1 with asymmetrical prehensile palps (endopodites). Right prehensile palp (Fig. 9 B) with first segment bearing two long apical spines; second segment large, elongated with wider base, length as long as first segment. Left prehensile palp (Fig. 9 C) with first segment bearing two short apical spines; second segment narrow and pointed, length as long as first segment.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Hemipenis (Fig. 9 D) with LS subquadrate, blunt end, MS elongated with curved apical end, IS narrow, with pointed end, internal postlabyrinthal spermiduct with one loop.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Zenker organ (Fig. 9 E) markedly elongated, length c. 6 times width, set with many chitinous spiny whirls.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Savatenalinton, Sukonthip &amp; Suttajit, Maitree, 2016, A checklist of Recent non-marine ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Thailand, including descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 4067 (1)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 19-25, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.1.1, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/270570"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/270570&lt;/a&gt

Dolerocypris sisaketensis Savatenalinton & Suttajit, 2016, n. sp.

Dolerocypris sisaketensis n. sp. (Figures 2–4) Holotype. Female, soft parts dissected in glycerine on a sealed glass slide, valves stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide (MSU-ZOC. 128). Paratypes. Two dissected females (MSU-ZOC. 129–130) stored like the holotype, one whole female carapace (MSU-ZOC. 131) stored dry in a micropalaeontological slide. Repository. The holotype and all paratypes are deposited in the Natural History Museum, MSU (Mahasarakham, Thailand). Type locality. Rice field, Kantharaluk district, Sisaket Province, collected on 5 October 2010, coordinates: 14 ° 43 ΄ 46 &dblac; N and 104 ° 33 ΄ 56 &dblac; E. Accompanying fauna: Bradleytriebella lineata (Victor & Fernando, 1981), Bradleytriebella tuberculata (Hartmann, 1964), Chrissia formosa (Klie, 1938), Cypris subglobosa Sowerby, 1840, Dolerocypris sinensis Sars, 1903, Hemicypris exiqua Broodbakker, 1983, Hemicypris mizunoi Okubo, 1990, Ilyocypris sp., Limnocythere stationis Vávra, 1891, Physocypria sp. 2, Pseudocypretta maculata Klie, 1932, Pseudostrandesia calapanensis (Tressler, 1937), Stenocypris cf. orientalis, Strandesia sexpunctata Klie, 1932, and Strandesia kraepelini (Müller, 1906). Other locality. Huai Pao (stream), Kaset Sombun district, Chaiyaphum Province, collected on 9 October 2007, coordinates: 16 ° 23 ΄ 3 &dblac; N and 101 ° 58 ΄ 47 &dblac; E. Accompanying fauna: Cypretta sp., Cypridopsis sp., Cypris subglobosa Sowerby, 1840, Physocypria sp. 1, Physocypria sp. 2, Pseudostrandesia mamarilorum (Victor & Fernando, 1981), Strandesia kraepelini (Müller, 1906), and Strandesia sexpunctata Klie, 1932. Etymology. The species is named after Sisaket Province, where it was discovered. Diagnosis. Carapace in lateral view elongated, anterior margin rounded, posterior margin narrower rounded, LV with large marginal zone anteriorly, ventrally, and posteriorly, RV with large marginal zone anteriorly, and posteriorly and with spine-like projection at postero-ventral corner, calcified inner lamella of both valves wide and reticulated anteriorly and posteriorly, A 2 with short natatory seta c. half of penultimate segment, longest reaching tip of terminal claws, terminal segment of Mx 1 short (width and length subequal), two large bristles on third endite smooth, T 1 with a, b and d setae, T 2 with subequal, short d 1 and d 2 setae, CR claws long, large, set with strong denticles, length of Ga c. half of that of ramus, length of Gp c. 2 / 3 that of Ga, Sa shorter than Gp, Sp short (reaching slightly beyond tip of ramus). Differential diagnosis. Dolerocypris sisaketensis n. sp. is characterized by the presence of a spine-like postero-ventral projection on the RV. It cannot be confused with any other species in the genus Dolerocypris. Measurements (mean, in µm). LV (n = 2), L = 1530, H = 510; RV (n = 2), L = 1608, H = 490; Carapace (n = 2), L = 1400, W = 364. Ecology. The new species has thus far been recorded from only two localities: a rice field, and a stream. It occurred at a pH range of 7.20 – 7.81, a temperature range of 25.6 – 29.6 °C and a DO range of 3.27 – 5.91 mg/l. Description of female. Carapace in lateral view (Fig. 2 G) elongated, anterior margin rounded, posterior margin narrower rounded with spine-like projection at postero-ventral corner of RV, RV overlapping LV anteriorly and posteriorly, dorsal margin arched, greatest high situated at mid-length, valve surface smooth. Carapace in dorsal view (Fig. 2 H) elliptical, with greatest width situated at mid-length. LV in interior view (Fig. 2 B) with large marginal zone anteriorly, ventrally, posteriorly, calcified inner lamella, wide and reticulated anteriorly and posteriorly, inner list and groove well developed along valve margin. RV in interior view (Fig. 2 A) with large displaced selvage at anterior end, calcified inner lamella, wide and reticulated anteriorly and posteriorly, marginal zone at postero-ventral corner wide with spine-like projection. A 1 (Fig. 3 A): first segment with small proximal Wouters organ, one long dorso-subapical seta (reaching beyond tip of the segment) and two long ventro-apical setae. Second segment slightly wider than long, with one long dorso-apical seta (reaching mid-length of the next segment) and short Rome organ. Third segment bearing two setae: one long dorso-apical one, reaching beyond tip of terminal segment, and one short ventro-apical setae. Fourth segment with two long dorsal setae and two subequal ventral setae (short one reaching beyond tip of fifth segment, long one reaching beyond tip of terminal segment). Fifth segment dorsally with two long setae, ventrally with two (one long, one short) setae, short one reaching tip of penultimate segment. Penultimate segment with four long apical setae. Terminal segment with three (two long, one short) apical setae and aesthetasc y a, the latter c. twice as long as short apical seta. A 2 (Fig. 3 B–C): exopodite with three (one long, two short) setae, length of the long one c. 3 / 4 of of first endopodal segment. First endopodal segment with five long (reaching tip of terminal claws) and one short natatory setae, length of the shortest seta c. half of penultimate segment, aesthetasc Y long, ventro-apical seta long, reaching tip of penultimate segment. Penultimate segment undivided, distally with three serrated claws, aesthetasc y 2 long (reaching tip of terminal segment), z 1 –z 3 setae long; this segment medially with two (one long, one shorter) dorsal setae (length of the short one c. 2 / 3 of that of the long one) and four ventral setae of unequal length (t 1 –t 4). Terminal segment with two serrated claws (GM and Gm), g-seta and aesthetasc y 3, length of Gm c. 5 / 6 of that of GM, length of aesthetasc y 3 more than half way of that of accompanying seta, g-seta of similar length as Gm. Md-palp (Fig. 3 D): first segment with two large setae (s 1 and s 2), one slender, long seta and long, smooth α-seta. Second segment dorsally with three unequal long apical setae, length of shortest c. half of that of longest; ventrally with group of three long hirsute setae, one shorter hirsute seta and β-seta, the latter plumose, cone-shaped and with pointed tip. Penultimate segment consisting of three groups of setae: dorsally with group of four unequal, long, subapical setae; laterally with apical γ-seta and three further smooth apical setae, the former stout, hirsute, long (length c. 1.3 times of that of terminal segment); ventrally with two (one long, one short) subapical setae, short one not reaching tip of segment. Terminal segment (Fig. 3 E) bearing three claws and three setae. Mx 1 (Fig. 4 A) with two-segmented palp, three endites and large branchial plate; basal segment of palp with group of four long, unequal apical setae and two (one long, one shorter, subapical setae, the latter not reaching tip of terminal segment), terminal segment short (width and length subequal), apically with three claws and three setae. Two large bristles on third endite smooth. Sideways-directed bristles on first endite unequally long. T 1 (Fig. 4 B–C): protopodite with two a-setae (length of short one c. half of that of long one), long b and dsetae, distally with 14 (10 apical, four subapical) hirsute setae of unequal length. Endopodite weakly built palp with three unequal apical setae. T 2 (Fig. 4 D) with subequal, short d 1 and d 2 setae.Second segment with short e-seta (reaching half of proximal segment of penultimate segment). Penultimate segment divided, proximal segment (a) bearing long f-seta (reaching less than tip of terminal segment), distal segment (b) with pair of apical setae (long g-seta, one spinelike). Terminal segment with two (one dorsally, one ventrally) apical h 1 and h 3 setae (the latter spine-like) and serrated claw (h 2). T 3 (Fig. 4 E) cleaning limb. First segment with long d 1, d 2, dp setae. Second segment with long apical e-seta (reaching half of next segment).Third segment with medially short f-seta (not reaching tip of segment). Terminal segment with apical pincer and three setae, one short h 1 seta, one claw-like h 2 seta and one reflexed subapical h 3 seta, length of the latter equal of that of third segment. CR (Fig. 4 F) well-developed, robust, with ventral margin serrated, Ga and Gp long, large, set with strong denticles, length of Ga c. half of that of ramus, length of Gp c. 2 / 3 that of Ga. Sa long (shorter than Gp), Sp short (reaching slightly beyond tip of ramus). CR attachment (Fig. 4 G) stout, with two distal branches. Male unknown.Published as part of Savatenalinton, Sukonthip & Suttajit, Maitree, 2016, A checklist of Recent non-marine ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Thailand, including descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 4067 (1) on pages 13-18, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/27057

Hungarocypris Vavra 1906

Genus Hungarocypris Vávra, 1906 Type species: Hungarocypris madaraszi (Örley, 1886) Diagnosis (modified after Meisch 2000): carapace large (length> 3 mm), laterally compressed, valves with strong calcified inner margin, marginal zone broad with pore canals, terminal segment of Mx 1 -palp short, spatula-shaped, T 1 with a, b and d setae, basal segment of T 2 with two setae (d 1 and d 2), CR with two posterior setae.Published as part of Savatenalinton, Sukonthip & Suttajit, Maitree, 2016, A checklist of Recent non-marine ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Thailand, including descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 4067 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/27057

Hungarocypris Savatenalinton & Suttajit, 2016, n. sp.

Hungarocypris The Hungarocypridinae Bronshtein, 1947 is mainly distinguished from other subfamilies in the Cyprididae by the presence of two posterior setae (defined here as Sp 1 and Sp 2) on the caudal rami. Based on this taxonomic character, the genus Hungarocypris was established (Vávra 1906) and composed of two species at that time: Hungarocypris madaraszi (Orley, 1886) and Hungarocypris gawemulleri Vávra, 1906. Hungarocypris madaraszi, originally placed in Notodromas, was designated as type species of the genus. It was described based on material from Hungary and subsequently reported from other regions in Europe (Meisch 2000, Danielopol et al. 2008). Hungarocypris gawemulleri was discovered for the first time from the Central part of Thailand (Vávra 1906), and has not been found since the original description. The occurrence of this species in Sumatra (Tressler 1937) is not taken into account, as identification is doubtful (see Victor & Fernando 1981 a). Subsequently, three other Hungarocypris were discovered: H. asymmetrica Victor & Fernando, 1981, H. serrata Chen, 1983 and H. levigata Chen, 1991. The former was recorded from Indonesia while the latter two were Chinese representatives. Hence, H. suranareeae n. sp. described here is the third species of the genus in the Oriental region and the second one in Thailand. To date, this genus comprises six species, and each appears to be endemic to its own region. The distribution of the genus Hungarocypris was discussed by Victor & Fernando (1981 a). They proposed that salinity and temperature of palaeoenvironments were the effective factors resulting in the biogeographical dispersal in the genus. According to the occurrences only in the Palaearctic and Oriental regions, Hungarocypris is an Eurasian endemic genus and seems to contain two lineages. In the Palaearctic lineage, both Recent and fossil material were recorded (Meisch 2000, Danielopol et al. 2008), while the Oriental lineage includes only the Recent representatives. Thus, the Palaearctic lineage could be older. Based on fossil evidence at the present time, the genus has existed since the Miocene epoch (Victor & Fernando 1982, Danielopol et al. 2008). Among all six living Hungarocypris, H. madaraszi could be the oldest species as it was reported from the Pleistocene (Meisch 2000). The Oriental lineage, which comprises three species (H. asymmetrica, H. gawemulleri and H. suranareeae n. sp.), is so far only known from Southeast Asia. Hungarocypris asymmetrica was described from a rice field near Lake Tempe in Southeast Sulawesi, which is on the Asian tectonic plate. This island is believed to have formed about 60 million years ago. Hungarocypris gawemulleri and H. suranareeae n. sp. were reported from Thailand, which is located on the Indochina Peninsula. This peninsula was formed 220 million years before present. Therefore, it may be interpreted that H. asymmetrica possibly evolved from the Indochinese Hungarocypris ancestor in the period not older than the early Cenozoic era. However, this is as yet unconfirmed by the fossil records in these regions.Published as part of Savatenalinton, Sukonthip & Suttajit, Maitree, 2016, A checklist of Recent non-marine ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Thailand, including descriptions of two new species, pp. 1-34 in Zootaxa 4067 (1) on page 28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/27057

Polyphenols and Rosmarinic acid Contents, Antioxidant and Anti- Inflammatory Activities of Different Solvent Fractions from Nga- Mon (Perilla frutescens) Leaf

Perilla is a rich source of polyphenols, which exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and a variety of biological effects. The effect of differential solvents on the polyphenols, flavonoids, rosmarinic acid (RA), antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities of perilla leaf require investigation. In this study, perilla leaf was extracted with 70% ethanol and sequentially fractionated according to the solvent’s polarity with hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and water. Samples were subjected to the bioactive compound measurements. The antioxidant and antiinflammation nature of perilla was analyzed based on the scavenging effects on DPPH•, ABTS•+, O2•- and nitric oxide (NO), as well as FRAP assay, and determination of the inhibition effects on NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) production in the cell-based study. The results indicate that among all different solvents used for sequential fractionation, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) was most effective in the separation of anti-oxidative and antiinflammatory compounds in the perilla leaf extract. These properties can partly be due to the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, and also RA. It can be demonstrated here that, the perilla leaf EtOAc fraction could be used as a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient for dietary supplements and nutraceuticals

Differential Activation of Glucose Transport

Peripheral resistance to insulin is a prominent feature of both insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. One of the major factors regulating glucose uptake into muscle is the quantity of glucose transporter (GLUT) protein on the cell surface. In muscle and adipocytes, GLUT1 mediates basal or nonstimulated transport, whereas GLUT4, the insulin-responsive GLUT, facilitates increased glucose transport in the presence of insulin. 1) Membrane GLUT4 is regulated by insulin via a PI3K-dependent process. 1-3) However, increased GLUT4 content is insufficient to fully account for glucose transport activity observed under insulin-stimulated conditions. Specifically, transporter translocation accounts for approximately 30% of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake while activation of GLUTs is essential for maximal stimulation. Polyphenols present in plant-derived fruits and vegetables have been implicated in mediating glucose transport in vitro and in vivo studies. 10) In addition, several polyphenolic compounds were recently reported to inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transport in intestinal epithelial cells. 11) Hence, polyphenols could play a role in controlling glucose uptake in the intestinal tract and peripheral tissues, and possibly contribute to blood glucose homeostasis. A preliminary study of plants used in Thai folkloric medicine to treat diabetes determined a distinct effect of Canna indica L. (Cannaceae) watery extract on glucose uptake activity in a cell culture model, and, hence this extract was chosen for this present study. The aim of this work was to study the mechanism of action of C. indica on the stimulation of glucose uptake in L8 muscle cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant Extraction The root of CI was collected in June 2004 from the medicinal plant garden of Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand. Samples were dried at a 45°C for 4 d and then grounded to a powder. Five grams of grounded powder were extracted with 200 ml of distilled water at 70°C for 30 min. The extract was filtered and then centrifuged at 5000 g for 20 min followed by freeze-drying (yield 72.5 mg/g dry weight). Varying concentrations in mg/ml were prepared from freeze-dry residue, and then used in further studies. Determination of Total Phenolics and Phytochemical Screening The amount of total phenolic compounds was determined spectrophotometrically using Folin-Ciocalteu reagent as described by Lee et al. 12) and was expressed in microgram of catechin equivalent (CE) based on a calibration curve for catechin. The content of total phenolics of CI root was 60.02Ϯ4.05 mg CE/mg freeze-dry residue. Phytochemical screening of CI root was performed using the methods previously described by Farnsworth 13) and Harborne 14) with slight modification. In brief, several reagents were prepared to test for the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenetic glycosides, coumarins, saponins and tannins. The results were compared with the positive standards of each test. Cell Culture and Incubations L8 cells (ATCC, U.S.A.) were grown and differentiated into myotubes according to previous established method