The Disputes of South China Sea From International Law Perspective

Disputes in the South China Sea (SCS) occur due to the seizure of mari- time regions of Spratly and Paracel islands, the regions which are rich in natural resources of oil and gas. Indonesia is not a claimant state to the features in SCS, but Indonesia has a vital national interest to the jurisdiction of waters of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) and the continental shelf which overlaps with claims 9 dashed lines of PRC. In analyzing and resolving these disputes, the writer uses theory of law- based state as a grand theory, the theory of International law as a middle range theory, and theory of conflict resolution as an applied theory. The method is a normative legal research. The legal materials are collected based on the identifted list of problems/issues and are assessed according to the classiftcation of the problems. The legal materials are deductively managed to draw conclusions from the problems encountered, and are further analyzed to solve these problems. Conflict resolution to maritime territorial dispute can be achieved by legal means. The dispute settlement by legal means can be done through bilateral, multilateral, arbitration, to the International Court of Justice, while the dispute resolution through CBMs can be achieved through dialogue in International fora by applying the formula 6 + 4 + 2 or 6 + 4 + 1 + 1, and by conducting survey and research cooperation in the fteld of maritime

Enhancing pandemic resilience: planning and institutional resilience, a learning model for Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most expensive and destructive threats facing millions of people around the world. Policymakers generally have a linear worldview and can help the economy and society to track epidemic shocks and crises by pulling the right levers. For example, in recent years, Ebola, MERS, Zika, and SARS have demonstrated a limited willingness to respond promptly and responsibly. The pandemic emphasizes the need to be more proactive. Yet, existing epidemic response frameworks are either disease-specific, category-specific, or non-specific, with no comprehensive framework encompassing all components of institutional resilience. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic requires a holistic approach to meet the challenges. In this study, the goal of resilience to the outbreak of the epidemic is to develop an overall framework by identifying institutional departments to strengthen resilience planning. The framework can guide evidence-based decision-making and prioritization. This article encapsulates a framework that focuses on the interactions between processes and their system characteristics, which leads to an overemphasis on a limited number of features, significantly enhancing the flexibility of the organizatio